野生鸡枞菌砷、铅和镉的含量与风险评价
Concentration and Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Lead and Cadmium in Wild Termitomyces albuminous
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摘要: 云南省是野生菌的重要产地，亦是土壤重金属高背景区且存在重金属污染问题。野生菌极易从土壤中吸收、积累重金属，并通过食物链传递至人体，具有潜在食品安全风险和人体健康风险。目前围绕“土壤-野生菌-人体”系统重金属迁移及风险评价的研究较少。为此，本研究以云南典型野生鸡枞菌（Termitomyces albuminous，T.albuminous）及其生长土壤为研究对象，分析鸡枞菌及土壤中砷（As）、铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）的含量与分布特征；分析土壤重金属含量及理化性质（pH、TOC）与鸡枞菌重金属含量的相关关系；通过生物富集系数（bioconcentration factor，BCF）分析鸡枞菌（菌盖、菌柄）对重金属的富集能力及积累特征；采用单因子污染指数（single factor pollution index，Pi）、综合因子污染指数（comprehensive factor pollution index，P）和靶标危害商数（target hazard quotient，THQ）评价鸡枞菌重金属的潜在食品安全风险与人体健康风险。结果表明，（1）鸡枞菌菌盖Cd含量与土壤pH及Cd含量均呈显著正相关（P<0.01），TOC与土壤Cd含量呈显著正相关性（P<0.01）；（2）鸡枞菌菌盖和菌柄As、Pb和Cd检出率为100%，超标率为41.7%～100%，且菌盖Pb、Cd含量均高于菌柄；（3）菌盖和菌柄BCFAs<1、BCFPb<1，BCFCd=6.53～307，表明鸡枞菌对Cd的富集能力较强；（4）所有鸡枞菌样品PPb和PCd>1，表明Pb和Cd含量超过食品卫生三级标准，为重度Pb、Cd污染食品，且总重金属综合污染指数P>2.39，表明为中度以上污染，具有较高的食品安全风险；（5）成人THQAs、THQPb、THQCd>1占比50%、100%和75%，儿童THQAs、THQPb、THQCd>1占比0%、0%和8%，表明鸡枞菌中As、Pb和Cd对成人具有潜在人体健康风险，对儿童无风险或风险较低。Abstract: Yunnan is the mainly producing area of wild mushrooms, which is characterized by high background and potential risk of heavy metals in soils. Wild mushrooms are readily to uptake and accumulate heavy metals from soils, and transport to human bodies via food chain, thus have potential food safety risk and human health risk. However, information on heavy metals transport and the associated risk assessment in soil-wild mushroom-human system is limited. Therefore, this study aims to:(1) Investigate the concentration and distribution of heavy metals including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) in Yunnan typical wild mushroom (Termitomyces albuminous, T. albuminous) and its growing soils; (2) Analyze the correlation of heavy metals concentration and physicochemical properties (pH, TOC) of soil with heavy metals concentration of T. albuminous; (3) Analyze heavy metals distribution (cap and stipe) and transport ability of T. albuminous using bioconcentration factor (BCF); (4) Evaluate the food safety risk and human health risk of heavy metals in T. albuminous via single factor pollution index (Pi), comprehensive factor pollution index (P) and target hazard quotient (THQ). The results showed that:(1) Cd concentration in T. albuminous cap was positively correlated with soil pH and Cd concentration (P<0.01), and soil TOC content was positively correlated with soil Cd concentration (P<0.01); (2) As, Pb, and Cd were detected in all T. albuminous cap and stipe, with the standard-exceeding ratios being 41.7%~100%, and Pb and Cd concentration were higher in cap than stipe; (3) BCF of As and Pb in cap and stipe were <1, while BCFCd was 6.53~307, indicating that T. albuminous can accumulate Cd; (4) PPb and PCd>1, indicating that T. albuminous samples were contaminated at third-level with Pb and Cd; P>2.39 indicates heavy metals in T. albuminous exceed moderate contamination level, thereby has high food safety risk; (5) the THQ>1 ratio of As, Pb and Cd was 50%, 100% and 75% for adults and 0%, 0% and 8% for children, indicating a high health risk for adults while no or low health risk for children.
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