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生态化学计量学是研究生态系统中各种元素的质量平衡和植物中营养元素分配的重要方法[1]. 植物的基本营养元素主要是氮(N)和磷(P),N和P在植物的生长、代谢等各种生理过程中起到重要作用[2-3],植物的N/P可以反映植物受到营养元素N和P的限制情况[4],也可以反映湿地植物对水体中氮磷的去除效果[5],另外,底泥中的N和P含量也直接影响植物中各种元素的吸收利用效率和植物体内循环的稳定性. 刘旻霞等[1]研究青藏高原高寒草甸不同功能群植物之间N/P化学计量特征和叶面积的变化特征,并探究土壤因素对不同坡向功能群植物氮磷化学计量特征的影响. 张智博等[6]研究东平湖沉积物-菹草系统碳、氮、磷空间分布及生态化学计量,发现沉积物与植物之间的N、P元素空间分布具有相似性,并且菹草生长受氮元素限制. Rong等[7]对莱州湾滨海湿地季节变化下柽柳叶片的C、N和P生态化学计量特征分析,发现柽柳叶片C、N和P含量受季节变化影响显著. 章文龙等[8]对闽江河口湿地植物N和P含量研究表明,植物N和P变化与植物器官和生长期密切相关. 邵学新等[9]对杭州湾潮滩湿地3种优势植物的氮磷元素的含量及吸收量的变化进行研究,研究表明植物生物量与植物氮磷吸收量呈正相关. 由此可见,目前国内对滨海湿地、河口湿地中N和P及其化学计量研究比较多,而对高寒湿地的相关研究鲜见报道.
高寒湿地系统对全球变化具有比较强的敏感性[10]. 拉鲁湿地属于典型的高寒沼泽湿地[11],目前有关拉鲁湿地水文状况、生物多样性研究,以及植物群落分布[12-13]以及植物对重金属元素的富集[14],比较多. 但有关拉鲁湿地植物和底泥氮磷含量及季节性变化以及底泥和植物氮磷之间的相互关系研究鲜见报道. 因此,本文通过研究拉鲁湿地不同季节底泥和植物氮磷含量的变化及其之间相互影响规律,旨在为拉鲁湿地的植物管理提供科学依据.
拉鲁湿地植物和底泥氮磷生态化学计量学特征
Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in plants and sediments in Lhalu wetland
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摘要: 为了探究拉鲁湿地生态系统中N和P的平衡关系,2019年5月(丰水期)和10月(平水期)采集拉鲁湿地底泥和植物样品并分析其生态化学计量特征. 结果表明,拉鲁湿地丰水期植物氮和磷含量的平均值分别为28.95 mg·g−1和0.36 mg·g−1,平水期植物氮和磷含量的平均值分别为12.84 mg·g−1和0.16 mg·g−1,植物氮磷含量丰水期大于平水期. 拉鲁湿地水生植物的N/P均大于16,说明磷是拉鲁湿地水生植物的限制生长元素. 拉鲁湿地丰水期和平水期底泥中氮含量平均值分别为1.39 mg·g−1和1.74 mg·g−1,磷含量分别为0.74 mg·g−1和0.50 mg·g−1. 拉鲁湿地平水期植物对氮磷的吸收量大于丰水期,其受植物生物量的影响较大. 在丰水期菖蒲对N和P的吸收量最高,分别为6391 g·m−2 和 87.77 g·m−2;在平水期金鱼藻对N和P的吸收量最高,分别为51403.66 g·m−2 和607.728 g·m−2. 不同植物对氮磷的吸收量存在差异,可通过植物配置和管理提高拉鲁湿地中氮磷的固定.Abstract: To study the equilibrium relationship of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Lhalu wetland ecosystem, the sediments and plants in May (wet season) and October (normal season) in 2019 were collected and analyzed to investigate their ecological stoichiometric characteristics. The average N and P contents of the aquatic plants were 28.95 mg·g−1 and 0.36 mg·g−1 in the wet season in Lhalu wetland, respectively, which were higher than these in the normal season, 12.84 mg·g−1and 0.16 mg·g−1. The ratio of N to P of wetland plants were more than 16, indicating that P is the limiting nutrient for the growth of aquatic plants. In the wet and normal seasons, the average N content of sediment was 1.39 mg·g−1 and 1.74 mg·g−1, respectively; and their average P content was 0.74 mg·g−1 and 0.50 mg·g−1 in Lhalu wetland, respectively. The total quantity of N and P uptake by plants were greater in normal season than in wet season, which was mainly influenced by the production of plant biomass. In wet season, the quantity of N and P uptake by Acorus calamus L. were highest, 6391.0 g·m−2 and 87.8 g·m−2, respectively. During normal season, the quantity of N and P uptake by Ceratophyllum L. was highest, 51403.66 g·m−2 and 607.73 g·m−2. Capacity of N and P uptake could be improved through the plant configuration and harvest management in Lhalu wetland due to the variation of aquatic plants.
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Key words:
- nitrogen and phosphorus /
- stoichiometry /
- plant /
- sediment /
- Lhalu wetland
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表 1 拉鲁湿地主要植物的生活型及重要值
Table 1. Life forms and important values of main plants in Lhalu wetland
植物种类
Plant species生活型
Plant life form重要值Important value 丰水期 Normal season 平水期Wet season 水蓼Polygonum hydropiper M 10.60 10.251 菖蒲Acorus calamus E 12.38 8.10 水葱Scirpus validus E 16.89 13.51 芦苇Phragmites communis E 6.52 7.77 香蒲Typha orientalis E 5.72 7.46 水苦荬Veronica anagallis-aquatica E 2.12 2.27 灯芯草Juncus effusus E 12.42 12.37 杉叶藻Hippuris vulgaris E 7.28 5.137 萍蓬草Nuphar pumilum FL 3.45 3.58 菹草Potamogeton crispus S 0.52 3.79 金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum S 5.10 2.85 狐尾藻Myriophyllum verticillatum S 3.03 4.58 眼子菜Potamogeton distinctus S 3.89 6.19 注:M-湿生植物Wetland plants;E-挺水植物Emergent plants;FL-浮叶植物Floating-leaved plant;S-沉水植物Submerged plants. 表 2 拉鲁湿地主要植物的生物量及氮、磷吸收量相关性
Table 2. Correlation between biomass and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of main plants in Lhalu wetland
丰水期植物
N吸收量
N uptake丰水期植物
P吸收量
P uptake
wet period丰水期植物
生物量
Plant biomass in
wet period平水期植物
N吸收量
N uptake in normal
water period平水期植物
P吸收量
P uptake in normal
water period平水期植物
生物量
Plant biomass in
normal water period丰水期植物N吸收量 1 丰水期植物P吸收量 0.985** 1 丰水期植物生物量 0.940** 0.887** 1 平水期植物N吸收量 −0.032 −0.022 0.231 1 平水期植物P吸收量 0.011 0.020 0.199 0.994** 1 平水期植物生物量 0.207 0.205 −0.007 0.866** 0.889** 1 表 3 拉鲁湿地底泥氮和磷含量及变化特征
Table 3. Content of nitrogen and phosphorus and their changed characteristics of sediment of Lhalu Wetland
元素
Element时期
Period平均值/(mg·g−1)
Average value极差/(mg·g−1)
Range/最大值/(mg·g−1)
Maximum最小值/(mg·g−1)
Minimum变异系数
Coefficient of variationN 丰水期 1.39 3.84 3.95 0.103 0.73 平水期 1.74 7.51 7.62 0.11 0.86 P 丰水期 0.74 0.94 1.26 0.31 0.27 平水期 0.50 0.66 0.98 0.32 0.26 N/P 丰水期 2.08 12.52 12.63 0.11 1.03 平水期 3.39 9.71 9.82 0.12 0.69 表 4 丰水期底泥与植物N、P含量及N/P之间的相关性
Table 4. Correlation of nitrogen, phosphorus content and N/P in the wet period between sediment and planst
底泥N含量
N content in sediment底泥P含量
P content in sediment底泥N/PN/
P in sediment植物N含量
N content of plants植物P含量
P content of plants植物N/PN/
P in plants底泥N含量 1 底泥P含量 −0.017 1 底泥N/P −0.380* 0.847** 1 植物N含量 0.303* −0.106 −0.204 1 植物P含量 0.046 −0.007 −0.079 0.522** 1 植物N/P 0.143 −0.079 −0.067 0.126 −0.702** 1 注:*为0.05水平上显著性差异;**为0.01水平上显著性差异.
Note: * is a significant difference at the 0.05 level; ** is a significant difference at the 0.01 level.表 5 平水期底泥与植物N、P及N/P之间的相关性
Table 5. Correlation of N, P and N/P in normal water period between sediment and plants
底泥N含量
N content in sediment底泥P含量
P content in sediment底泥N/PN/
P in sediment植物N含量
N content of plants植物P含量
P content of plants植物N/PN/
P in plants底泥N含量 1 底泥P含量 0.375* 1 底泥N/P 0.914** 0.097 1 植物N含量 −0.091 −0.110 −0.089 1 植物P含量 −0.168 0.141 −0.174 0.650** 1 植物N/P 0.047 −0.135 0.032 0.455** −0.304 1 注:*为0.05水平上显著性差异;**为0.01水平上显著性差异.
Note: * is a significant difference at the 0.05 level; ** is a significant difference at the 0.01 level. -
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