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随着经济和社会的发展,国家对人民的身心健康问题愈加重视。中共中央、国务院于2016年10月25日印发并实施《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》,指出推进健康中国建设,是全面建成小康社会、基本实现社会主义现代化的重要基础,是全面提升中华民族健康素质、实现人民健康与经济社会协调发展的国家战略。同时对于数据和规定差异较大的地区,应加强对人民身体素质的数据监测,积极探索人群差异。为了全面提高国民健康水平,国务院于2019年7月提出健康中国行动(2019—2030),精准提出了124项指标,计划在2030年,我国整体健康水平提高到一定的层次。因此,对全国各个区域,尤其是生态环境较为恶劣,经济发展水平较为落后区域人群健康水平的调查和研究,对于推进健康中国行动至关重要。
青藏高原位于我国西南地区,总面积约为250万平方公里,约占我国国土面积四分之一,平均海拔在4000 m以上,是中国最大、世界海拔最高的高原,被称为“世界屋脊”。行政区划主体为西藏自治区、青海省全境,边缘包括新疆、甘肃、云南、四川等地的部分区域。作为青藏高原核心区域的西藏自治区在和平解放初期全区人口只有95.7万人,人口平均期望寿命只有36岁[1],全区处于人口数量低、死亡率高、寿命短的状态。经过60多年的发展至2018年底,西藏地区健康水平得到了大幅度的提升,全区人口增长到343.8万[2-3],人口平均期望寿命值上升至70.6岁[4-6],但是和全国平均水平相比,仍然有较大的差距。疾病是反映地区健康状况的主要指标,青藏高原独特的地理环境、饮食结构及气候条件导致该地区传染病、地方病高发,从而限制了该地区健康水平的提升。目前青藏高原区域疾病的研究主要集中于大骨节病、包虫病等某一种疾病的流行特征、影响因素及对健康状态的影响,而对主要疾病类型全局的流行特征、各疾病之间流行特征的差异性及健康状况的综合评价缺乏系统深入的研究。因此,研究青藏高原区域主要疾病的时间变化趋势和空间分布差异,分析流行特征,探究主要疾病的影响因素,并对健康状况进行评价是推进健康中国行动的重中之重。
本研究通过分析青藏高原地区各疾病的现状,解析主要疾病的种类,探究其流行特征及相关影响因素,明晰疾病预防及控制的方向;分析目前主要健康状况评价方法的优缺点,结合青藏高原地区特殊人文地理环境,提出适用于青藏高原地区的健康评价方法,为更加全面了解不同区域整体健康水平差异和主导致病因素提供研究方向,为实现《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》提供依据和参考。
青藏高原地区主要疾病流行特征及健康评价方法
Epidemic characteristics of major diseases in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and health assessment methods
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摘要: 本文分析了西藏、青海和全国地区高原常见传染病、常规传染病和高原地方病的现状、流行特征以及致病原因。基于2002—2018年主要疾病流行特征,解析出西藏和青海地区目前主要传染病为病毒性肝炎和肺结核,两种主要传染病在西藏地区占比分别为28.1%和46.5%,在青海地区占比分别为46.1%、32.4%;主要地方病为慢性高原病、大骨节病等。分析了3类疾病在青藏高原区域及全国患病情况的时间变化趋势和空间分布差异,甄别了每种疾病主导致病因子,研究了疾病发病率的主要影响因素。针对性地提出了相应的解决策略。进一步归纳分析了健康量表法和健康指标体系法的评价原则、适用范围及优缺点,基于目前青藏高原地区的人文地理环境特点及疾病流行特征,提出了现阶段适用于青藏高原的健康评价方法的框架,研究结果对于提高青藏高原群众健康水平及促进纲要的顺利实施具有重要意义。Abstract: Aiming to comprehensively improve the national health level, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) as well the State Council issued and further implemented the “Healthy China 2030” Plan on October 25, 2016. However, Qinghai-Tibet plateau, as the largest one in China, has become a shortcoming of this campaign owing to the general poor health conditions in this area. This paper analyzed the present situation, epidemic characteristics, major pathogenic causes, common and endemic highland infectious diseases in Tibet, Qinghai, as well as other plateaus in China. According to the epidemic characteristics of major diseases from 2002 to 2018, the main infectious diseases in Tibet and Qinghai were viral hepatitis and tuberculosis. These two ones accounted for 28.1%, 46.5% in Tibet and 46.1%, 32.4% in Qinghai, respectively. The main endemic diseases were chronic mountain sickness, Kashin-Beck disease, etc. Besides, the temporal and spatial variation of the three diseases in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and the whole country were summarized. The leading pathogenic factors of each disease were identified, and the main influencing factors of disease incidence were investigated in the meanwhile. Accordingly, corresponding solution strategies were put forward. Furthermore, the evaluation principles, scope of application, advantages and disadvantages of the health scale method and the health index system method were comprehensively reviewed based on the current characteristics of human geography and disease epidemics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On these grounds, framework for current health evaluation method suitable for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was proposed. In general, the research is of immense significance for improving the health conditions of the people in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and will be instrumental in promoting the smooth implementation of the guidelines.
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表 1 西藏、青海地区主要疾病变化趋势及影响因素分析
Table 1. Analysis of the variation trend and influencing factors of major diseases in Tibet and Qinghai
主要疾病
Major diseases西藏Tibet 青海Qinghai 主要影响因素
Main influencing factors患病率范围
Prevalence range
(per 100000)变化趋势Trend 患病率范围
Prevalence range
(per 100000)变化趋势Trend 病毒性肝炎 20.86—100.67 2009年前快速上升,后阶梯式下降 110—461.81 2009年前缓慢下降,后缓慢上升 饮食、高海拔、种族 肺结核 66.55—166.66 2008年前略有起伏,后持续上升 48.68—140.33 持续上升 生存环境、人群密度、
接种率鼠疫 0—0.21 2011年来无病例报道 0—0.37 2010年来无病例报道 捕猎,食用旱獭等啮齿类动物 包虫病 0.03—8.10 2012年前整体水平较低,后开始快速增长 2.0—19.9 整体上升趋势,2013、2016、2017年爆发式增长 温度、人畜混居、接触犬类、食用生肉、饮水 痢疾 20.56—99.94 2010年前波动式下降,后缓慢下降 10.48—89.68 2008年前快速下降,
后缓慢下降经济水平、卫生水平、
人群密度艾滋病 0—1.57 2011年前缓慢增长,后爆发式增长 0.06—3.29 2011年前缓慢增长,
后爆发式增长性行为、安全意识 梅毒 0.19—54.75 2012年前缓慢增长,后爆发式增长 5.39—65.09 持续较快增长 性行为、安全意识 狂犬病 0—0.03 2015、2016、2017患病率均为0.03/10万,其他年份无病例报道 0—0.02 2012、2013、2016、2017患病率均为0.02/10万,其他年份无病例报道 及时接种疫苗意识 急性高原病 — — — — 海拔上升速度、吸烟 慢性高原病 — — — — 海拔、种族,居住时长、性别、吸烟、职业 大骨节病 — — — — 海拔、坡度、坡向、Se元素、饮食结构 地方性氟中毒 — — — — 制茶工艺、维生素C摄入 碘缺乏 — — — — 合格碘盐覆盖率 表 2 各健康状况评价方法优缺点对比
Table 2. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various health evaluation methods
健康量表Health scale 健康指标体系Health indicator system EQ-5D 健康测量量表 德尔菲法 AHP法 PCA法 熵值法 优点
Advantages适用范围广,既可用于特定人群健康状况评估,又可用于评价患病人群因某种疾病导致的健康状况下降,结果直观,操作简单 集思广益,定性准确,不需要数据
样本重视各因素间重要程度的逻辑关系,不需要样本数据 降维处理,可厘清各成分间关系 基于数据分析结构建指标体系,较为客观 缺点
Disadvantages需要构建相对应的效用值积分体系,需要大量数据,过程繁琐,主观性强 指标体系权重结果受专家影响较大 相对客观,但仍以专家意见为基础 对原指标权重的表达不够准确 需要大量样本数据,忽略各成分间的联系 -
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