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多环芳烃(PAHs)被定义为含有两个或两个以上苯环以线状、角状或簇状排列的稠环型化合物[1],是通过含有碳和氢这两种元素的有机物不完全燃烧或热解形成的[2]。生物炭是生物质在绝氧或缺氧条件下生成的一种热裂解富碳产物[3],生物炭制备过程中也不可避免地会形成PAHs[4-5]。基于此,不仅要关注生物炭的各种特性及其对固碳、土壤肥力改良、污染修复、废弃物再利用[6]的有利贡献,还应该关注生物炭应用时PAHs可能涉及的生态毒理和健康风险。近年来国内外学者开展了许多有关生物炭中PAHs的研究,对不同条件或原料生产的生物炭中的PAHs水平进行测定以及机理分析,并用不同方法对生物炭中PAHs所带来的应用风险进行评估。事实上,大规模的现场实验和使用生物炭材料的商业业务已经开始,但对于生物炭中PAHs带来的具体风险如何还知之甚少。为了进一步了解生物炭的性质并保证生物炭使用的安全性,更多的实验手段还是非常有必要的,在大规模应用前需要在保证生物炭良好性能的同时使其PAHs水平降到安全值以下。
本文的目的主要是就如何减少生物炭中PAHs可能导致的应用风险提出一些建议,为生物炭的安全施用提供参考。
生物炭中多环芳烃的含量水平和应用风险研究综述
Review of the research on content levels and application risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar
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摘要: 多环芳烃是一类具有致癌性等负面作用的持久性有机污染物。由于在土壤改良、污染修复和碳固存方面的应用潜力,生物炭受到了越来越多的关注。许多研究已经证明热解制备生物炭过程中不可避地会形成多环芳烃,所以生物炭的应用也可能对环境质量和人类健康产生负面影响。本文综述了生物炭中多环芳烃的研究现状,包括生物炭制备过程中多环芳烃的形成机理、多环芳烃含量的影响因素、含有多环芳烃生物炭的应用风险评估。此外,还提出了一些将来可能的研究方向。Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects. Biochar from a wide range of raw materials has received growing attention owing to its potential applications in soil improvement, pollution remediation and carbon sequestration. The preparation process of biochar is in the environment of insufficient oxygen supply or anaerobic. Previous studies demonstrated that PAHs inevitably form during the process of preparing biochar by pyrolysis, hence, the application of biochar could also have a negative impact on environmental quality and human health. It is necessary to further understand the properties of biochar and ensure its safety in use. This paper reviewed the research status of PAHs in biochar, including the formation mechanism of PAHs in the preparation of biochar, influencing factors of PAHs content, and application risk assessment of biochar containing PAHs. The formation mechanism of PAHs and its content influencing factors should be considered to reduce the content of PAHs in biochar. In addition, it was recommended to develop risk assessment models and reference quality values for PAHs in biochar. We hope this review could provide a valuable reference for the safe application of biochar.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- PAHs /
- pyrolysis /
- influencing factors /
- risk assessment
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表 1 16种EPA PAHs的部分性质
Table 1. Partial properties of 16 EPA PAHs
PAH 环数
Ring number分子式
Molecular formulaTEF[50] 萘 2 C10H8 0.001 苊 3 C12H10 0.001 苊烯 3 C12H8 0.001 芴 3 C13H10 0.001 蒽 3 C14H10 0.01 菲 3 C14H10 0.001 荧蒽 4 C16H10 0.001 芘 4 C16H10 0.001 苯并(a)蒽 4 C18H12 0.1 䓛 4 C18H12 0.01 苯并(b)荧蒽 5 C20H12 0.1 苯并(k)荧蒽 5 C20H12 0.1 苯并(a)芘 5 C20H12 1 二苯并(a,h)蒽 5 C22H14 1 苯并(g,h,i)苝 6 C22H12 0.01 茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘 6 C22H12 0.1 -
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