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重金属作为一类生物毒性大且难降解的污染物,广泛分布于自然界各种环境介质中。其具有易迁移性、持久性强和高生物富集性等环境污染特征,对生态环境具有潜在威胁[1]。重金属在环境介质中有显著的累积性,参与物质循环过程,易通过皮肤接触、呼吸或食物链等途径进入人体中,并在生物体内不断富集与放大,对人体健康产生较大影响[2]。由于重金属的危害对生态环境和人体健康所起到的重要作用,它们在水、土壤等环境中的研究吸引了较多的关注,在农田、河流、矿场等区域对其来源、分布特征及生态风险进行了大量研究[3-5]。
饮用水源地是人类赖以生存和发展的重要资源,饮用水水质的优劣对人类身体健康和社会稳定有重要影响。随着经济的快速发展,人类工业化生产活动中产生的有害物质会对周边生态环境产生负面影响,如重金属会在水体、土壤中进行积累,并通过食物链途径传递富集,危及生态健康和安全[6]。因此,饮用水源地周边水、土环境质量状况尤为值得关注。目前,对饮用水源地重金属污染方面也做了较多研究,主要包括重金属含量特征[7-8]、风险评价[9-10]等方面。然而,这些研究主要集中于单一环境(如土壤或地表水)中重金属污染特征的分析,较少将水、土环境结合起来探究重金属分布特征规律[11]。
本研究以南方某地区饮用水水源水库地表水、地下水及底泥和地表径流及底泥为研究对象,对V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb和Hg等14种重金属的分布特征、影响因素、污染评价及来源进行分析。以期为该地区饮用水源地水体、底泥环境做出准确合理评估,为相关管理部门提供理论基础和决策依据。
某区饮用水源地重金属分布特征、污染评价及源解析
Distribution characteristics, pollution assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in a drinking water source area
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摘要: 以某地区饮用水源地水库水体及底泥和地表径流水体及底泥为研究对象。研究了水体和底泥中重金属含量特征,采用单因子评价法和地累积指数评价法对其污染水平进行了评价,且利用多元统计分析方法对重金属的来源进行了辨析。结果表明,研究区内水体重金属污染较轻,除水库地下水中Ni和Tl略微超标,其它重金属均能达到《地表水环境质量标准》和《地下水质量标准》中的Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类标准。底泥中各重金属含量均有点位超过环境背景值,且底泥中重金属含量要高于水体环境。单项污染指数评价结果表明,除水库地下水中Tl和Ni分别属于轻微污染和重度污染,其它重金属均属于无污染。水库底泥中Ni、Zn、As、Mo和Sb等5种重金属的平均污染水平均为轻微污染。而地表径流底泥中,除V、Cr和Pb等3种重金属的平均污染水平均属于无污染,其余重金属元素的平均污染水平均存在不同程度的污染。地累积指数结果表明,仅有地表径流底泥中有重金属Zn、Mo和Cd属于轻度污染,其均属于无污染状态。重金属来源分析显示,研究区内重金属超标来源主要以工农业生产活动的人为来源为主。Abstract: In this paper, the reservoir water bodies and sediments, surface runoff water bodies and sediments of a Drinking Water Source reservoir in an area are studied. The characteristics of heavy metal content in water and sediment were studied. The pollution level was evaluated by single factor index method and Igeo, and the sources of heavy metal elements were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis method. The results show that the heavy metal pollution of the water in the study area is relatively light. Except for Ni and Tl in the groundwater of the reservoir slightly exceeding the standard, other heavy metals can meet the Class I or Class II standards in the “Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard” and “Groundwater Quality Standard”. The content of heavy metals in sediment has a sampling point that exceeds the environmental background value, and the content of heavy metals in sediment is higher than that of the water environment. The single factor index method evaluation results show that, except for Tl and Ni in the groundwater of the reservoir, which are slightly polluted and severely polluted, all other heavy metals are non-polluting. The average pollution levels of the five heavy metals Ni, Zn, As, Mo and Sb in the sediment of the reservoir are all light pollution. In the sediments of surface runoff, the average pollution levels of the three heavy metals except V, Cr and Pb are non-polluting, and the average pollution levels of other heavy metal elements have varying degrees of pollution. The results of Igeo show that only the heavy metals Zn, Mo, and Cd in the sediment of surface runoff are lightly polluted, and others are all non-polluting. The analysis of the sources of heavy metals shows that the sources of excessive heavy metals in the study area are mainly from human sources in industrial and agricultural production activities.
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Key words:
- drinking water source /
- heavy metals /
- influencing factors /
- pollution evaluation /
- source analysis
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表 1 单因子环境质量评价分级标准
Table 1. Grading Standards for Single Factor Environmental Quality Assessment
等级 Grading Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 污染指数范围
Pollution index rangeP≤1 1<P≤2 2<P≤3 3<P≤5 P>5 污染评价
Pollution assessment无污染 轻微污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 表 2 地累积指数评价分级标准
Table 2. Geo-accumulation Index Evaluation Grading Standard
等级 Grading 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 地累积指数(Igeo) Igeo <0 0≤Igeo<1 1≤Igeo <2 2≤Igeo <3 3≤Igeo <4 4≤Igeo <5 5≤Igeo 评价等级
Evaluation Grading无污染 轻度污染 偏中度污染 中度污染 强污染 强污染-极强污染 极强污染 表 3 重金属含量与环境因素之间的相关性关系
Table 3. Pearson correlation analysis between heavy metals and environmental paraments
V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Mo Sb Tl Hg pH SOM C V 1 Cr 0.740** 1 Mn 0.120 0.139 1 Co −0.020 0.055 0.683** 1 Ni 0.437* 0.514* −0.142 −0.060 1 Cu 0.095 −0.102 0.259 0.427 −0.302 1 Zn −0.039 −0.066 0.819** 0.757** −0.286 0.537* 1 As 0.746** 0.631** 0.219 0.037 0.520* −0.063 0.006 1 Mo 0.039 −0.155 0.027 0.284 −0.289 0.905** 0.331 −0.073 1 Sb 0.320 0.083 −0.036 −0.311 0.029 −0.119 −0.050 0.291 0.004 1 Tl −0.098 −0.010 0.442* 0.626** −0.519* 0.434* 0.691** −0.171 0.325 −0.001 1 Hg 0.192 −0.201 0.276 −0.049 −0.316 0.230 0.348 0.059 0.006 0.192 0.168 1 pH −0.118 0.029 0.095 0.343 0.501* −0.161 0.100 −0.030 −0.150 −0.042 −0.120 −0.503* 1 SOM 0.028 −0.205 0.467* 0.306 −0.519* 0.552** 0.584** −0.073 0.445* −0.057 0.435* 0.649** −0.577** 1 C 0.258 −0.077 0.218 0.217 −0.200 0.227 0.307 0.116 0.140 −0.192 0.168 0.643** −0.408 0.697** 1 注:**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上极显著相关,*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。用字母SOM代表底泥有机质,字母c代表含水率.
Note: ** indicates a very significant correlation at the 0.01 level (two-sided), and * indicates a significant correlation at the 0.05 level (two-sided). Use the letter SOM to represent the organic matter in the bottom mud, and the letter C to represent the moisture content.表 4 特征值及主成分贡献率
Table 4. Eigenvalues and principal component contribution rates
主成分
Principal components特征值
Characteristic value方差贡献率/%
Variance contribution rate累积方差贡献率/%
Cumulative variance contribution rate1 3.851 35.008 35.008 2 2.817 25.611 60.619 3 1.456 13.234 73.853 4 1.225 11.132 84.985 5 0.676 6.145 91.130 6 0.339 3.085 94.215 7 0.280 2.546 96.761 8 0.175 1.595 98.356 9 0.097 0.885 99.240 10 0.050 0.459 99.699 11 0.033 0.301 100.000 表 5 主成分载荷
Table 5. Load of principal components
元素
Element主成分 Principal components 1 2 3 4 V −0.047 0.910 0.136 0.220 Cr 0.083 0.846 −0.082 −0.199 Mn 0.877 0.168 −0.084 0.215 Co 0.887 0.034 0.192 −0.231 Ni −0.210 0.672 −0.253 −0.402 Cu 0.312 −0.017 0.911 0.139 Zn 0.899 −0.046 0.231 0.225 As 0.042 0.885 −0.050 0.096 Mo 0.108 −0.066 0.976 −0.039 Tl 0.733 −0.206 0.288 0.084 Hg 0.127 0.002 0.039 0.958 -
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