-
饮用水消毒是公共卫生安全的保障。然而,在消毒过程中消毒剂会与原水中的天然有机物(NOM)、污染物、溴/碘化合物等生成消毒副产物(DBPs)。DBPs可以通过吸入、皮肤接触以及食用含DBPs的水和食物等进入人体,对人体健康有着严重的危害。自1974年第一次检测出氯仿以来,DBPs已引起国内外学者的广泛关注,当前已有700多种DBPs于饮用水中被检出[1]。
在世界范围内,海水中溴储量占地球总溴储量的99%,平均浓度约为65 mg·L−1。溴通过海水入侵、地质结构变化等自然过程进入地表水和地下水[2]。美国和加拿大23个城市水源Br¯浓度在2.4—1120.0 μg·L−1,在以色列和澳大利亚主要水源中的Br¯浓度高达2000.0 μg·L−1和4000.0 μg·L−1[3]。我国东部地区Br¯浓度在22.0—233.0 μg·L−1[4]。杨永亮等[5]对辽宁省西部和沈阳地区河水及地下水进行溴化物含量检测,地表水和地下水平均Br¯浓度分别为180 μg·L−1和1584 μg·L−1。除自然条件外,溴还会通过燃煤电厂、常规油气开采、工业排放、水力压裂、电子产品回收等人为活动排放至原水中。例如,燃煤电厂在其湿式洗涤器中加入溴,以减少汞排放,该过程导致排放到地表水中的电厂废水中的Br¯浓度高达50 mg·L−1;水力压裂产生的废水中含有的Br¯浓度高达60 mg·L−1[6]。当水厂原水中含有Br—时,经饮用水消毒后溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)的生成会增加[7],研究表明,其细胞和遗传毒性要高于同系氯代消毒副产物(Cl-DBPs)[8-9],并且与出生缺陷率呈正相关关系[10-11]。
目前,我国的饮用水水质标准仅对三溴甲烷(TBM)、一氯二溴甲烷(CDBM)、二氯一溴甲烷(DCBM)等3种THMs以及二溴乙腈(DBAN)和溴酸盐(BrO3¯)做了相关规定。美国环境保护署(USEPA)除此之外还对一溴乙酸(MBAA)和二溴乙酸(DBAA)两种卤乙酸(HAAs)进行监管。Br¯含量、加氯量、pH值、温度、DOC等与Br-DBPs的生成有着紧密的联系。本文总结了已知的Br-DBPs种类、存在情况、影响因素和未知的Br-DBPs的识别进展,以期为水中Br-DBPs的生成控制提供参考。
水中溴代消毒副产物的生成综述
Brominated disinfection by-products formation in water: A review
-
摘要: 溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)由于其高细胞毒性和基因毒性被广泛关注。本文介绍了饮用水中多种已知Br-DBPs(溴代甲烷、溴代乙酸、溴代乙腈、溴代乙酰胺、溴代硝基甲烷、溴代乙醛、溴代芳香族DBPs)的检出浓度、结构与毒性。综述了常用消毒方式(氯和氯胺消毒)过程Br-DBPs的生成机理,输配过程对Br-DBPs的生成影响。此外,还讨论了未知Br-DBPs的识别进展以及Br¯浓度、pH值、温度、天然有机物等对Br-DBPs生成的影响。由于海水入侵、地质结构变化等原因,水源中的Br¯浓度升高会使Br-DBPs增多,溴化物的去除能够有效控制Br-DBPs。本文为今后对Br-DBPs的种类、检测等研究提供了参考,以更好地评估暴露在饮用水中的Br-DBPs的健康风险。Abstract: Brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) have attracted increased attention because of their high cytotoxicities and genotoxicities. This review introduced the concentration ranges and toxicities of known Br-DBPs in drinking water including bromo-methane, bromo-acetic acid, bromo-acetonitrile, bromo-acetamide, bromo-nitromethane, bromo-acetaldehyde, and bromo-aromatic DBPs. The mechanisms of Br-DBPs formation in the widely used disinfection processes (chlorination and chloramination), and Br-DBPs formation process in the distribution system were reviewed. In addition, the identification of unknown Br-DBPs and the factors (e.g., Br- concentration, pH, temperature, natural organic matter, etc.) affecting the formation of Br-DBPs were also discussed. Due to seawater invasion and geological structural changes, increasing Br¯ concentration in the water source has led to growing Br-DBPs formation. Thus, Br¯ removal provides an effective way to control Br-DBPs formation. It is expected to provide a summary for the types and detection of Br-DBPs to better assess the health risks of Br-DBPs in drinking water.
-
表 1 已知溴代甲烷类消毒副产物种类与检出浓度
Table 1. Known Br-THMs species and their detection levels
化合物
Compound英文名称及缩写
Name and abbreviation结构式
Structure检出浓度/(ng·L−1)
Detection concentration参考文献
References一溴二氯甲烷 Bromodichloromethane
BDCM12.00—25.00(伊朗)
0.29—13.00(中国)[12]
[13]二溴一氯甲烷 Dibromochloromethane
DBCM21.10—38.50(伊朗)
1.59—26.80(中国)[12]
[13]三溴甲烷 Bromoform
TBM29.50—47.70(伊朗)
ND—7.56(中国)[12]
[13]注:ND 未检出.not detected. 表 2 已知溴代乙酸类消毒副产物种类与检出浓度
Table 2. Known Br-HAAs species and their detection levels
化合物
Compound英文名称及缩写
Name and abbreviation结构式
Structure检出浓度/ (ng·L−1)
Detection concentration参考文献
References溴乙酸 Bromoacetic acid
BAAND(以色列)
0.20—1.63(中国)[7]
[15]二溴乙酸 Dibromoacetic acid
DBAA12.00—38.70(以色列)
<0.37—5.0(中国)[7]
[15]溴氯乙酸 Bromochloroacetic acid
BCAA1.00—3.90(以色列)
<0.75— 4.4(中国)[7]
[15]三溴乙酸 Tribromoacetic acid
TBAAND(以色列)
0.24—10.70(中国)[7]
[15]二溴一氯乙酸 Dibromochloroacetic acid
DBCAAND(以色列)
<0.95—4.40(中国)[7]
[15]一溴二氯乙酸 Bromodichloroacetic acid
BDCAAND(以色列)
0.98—3.80(中国)[7]
[15]注: ND 未检出. not detected. 表 3 已知含氮溴代消毒副产物种类与检出浓度
Table 3. Known nitrogenous brominated DBPs species and their detection levels
化合物
Compound英文名称及缩写
Name and abbreviation结构式
Structure检出浓度/(ng·L−1)
Detection concentration参考文献
References溴乙腈 Bromoacetonitrile
BANND—0.15(中国) [17] 二溴乙腈 Dibromoacetonitrile
DBANND—0.87(中国)
ND—1.90(中国)[17]
[18]溴氯乙腈 Bromochloroacetonitrile
BCANND(中国)
ND—1.56(中国)[17]
[18]溴乙酰胺 Bromoacetamide
BAMND—1.92(中国) [20] 二溴乙酰胺 Dibromoacetamide
DBAMND—0.76(中国)
0.35—1.25(中国)[20]
[21]溴氯乙酰胺 Bromochloroacetamide
BCAMND—1.34(中国)
0.22—1.32(中国)[20]
[21]三溴乙酰胺 Tribromoacetamide
TBAMND—0.15(中国)
ND—0.56(中国)[20]
[21]二溴一氯乙酰胺 Dibromochloroacetamide
DBCAMND—0.22(中国)
0.34—0.50(中国)[20]
[21]一溴二氯乙酰胺 Bromodichloroacetamide
BDCAMND—0.80(中国)
0.04—0.25(中国)[20]
[21]溴硝基甲烷 Bromonitromethane
BNMND—0.30(美国)
ND(中国)[25]
[26]二溴硝基甲烷 Dibromonitromethane
DBNMND—0.50(美国)
ND(中国)[25]
[26]溴氯硝基甲烷 Bromochloronitromethane
BCNMND—3.00(美国)
ND(中国)[25]
[26]三溴硝基甲烷 Tribromonitromethane
TBNMND—5.00(美国)
ND(中国)[25]
[26]二溴一氯硝基甲烷 Dibromochloronitromethane
DBCNMND—3.00(美国)
ND—0.30(中国)[25]
[26]一氯二溴硝基甲烷 Bromodichloronitromethane
BDCNMND—3.00(美国)
0.10—0.90(中国)[25]
[26]2,3,5-三溴吡咯 2,3,5-Tribromopyrrole
2,3,5-TBP— [27] 四溴吡咯 Tetrabromopyrrole — [27] 三溴氯吡咯 Tribromochloropyrrole — [27] 三溴碘吡咯 Tribromoiodopyrrole — [27] 注: ND 未检出.not detected; —,暂无相关数据. No data available at this time. 表 4 已知芳香族溴代消毒副产物种类与检出浓度
Table 4. Known aromatic brominated DBPs species and their detection levels
化合物
Compound英文名称及缩写
Name and abbreviation结构式
Structure检出浓度/(ng·L−1)
Detection concentration参考文献
References2,6-二氯-4-溴苯酚 2,6-Dichloro-4-bromophenol <1.10—72.50 [4] 2,6-二溴-4-氯苯酚 2,6-Dibromo-4-chlorophenol <0.50—12.10 [4] 2,4,6-三溴苯酚 2,4,6-Tribromophenol <2.60—56.90 [4] 3-溴-5-氯-4-羟基苯
甲醛3-Bromo-5-chloro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde <0.70—61.40 [4] 3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯
甲醛3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde <0.70—43.20 [4] 3-溴-5-氯-4-羟基苯
甲酸3-Bromo-5-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid <1.90 [4] 3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯
甲酸3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid <3.20—12.50 [4] 3-溴-5-氯水杨酸 3-Bromo-5-chlorosalicylic acid <0.50—35.30 [4] 3,5-二溴水杨酸 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid <0.70—75.90 [4] 表 5 已知溴代乙醛消毒副产物种类与检出浓度
Table 5. Known Br-HALs species and their detection levels
化合物
Compound英文名称及缩写
Name and abbreviation结构式
Structure检出浓度/(ng·L−1)
Detection concentration参考文献
References溴乙醛 Bromoacetaldehyde
BAL<LOQ—1.50(美国) [29] 二溴乙醛 Dibromoacetaldehyde
DBAL<LOQ—3.20(美国)
ND(加拿大)[29]
[30]溴氯乙醛 Bromochloroacetaldehyde
BCAL<LOQ—2.30(美国)
0.07—0.23(加拿大)[29]
[30]三溴乙醛 Tribromoacetaldehyde
TBALND—13.12(美国)
ND(加拿大)[29]
[30]二溴一氯乙醛 Dibromochloroacetaldehyde
DBCAL<LOQ—2.90(美国)
0.57—1.75(加拿大)[29]
[30]一溴二氯乙醛 Bromodichloroacetaldehyde
BDCAL1.00—2.30(美国)
0.75—2.54(加拿大)[29]
[30]注:LOQ 定量极限. limit of quantitation; ND 未检出. not detected 表 6 饮用水氯和氯胺消毒生成溴代消毒副产物的反应方程式
Table 6. Reactions and rate constants in chlorination and chloramination of producing Br-DBPs
消毒类型
Disinfection type反应式
Chemical equation速率常数
Rate constant氯消毒 HOCl + Br¯→HOBr + Cl¯ 7.75 × 102 L·mol−1·s−1 HOBr + NOMfast→Br-DBPs,int 1.36 × 106 L·mol −1·s−1 HOBr + NOMslow→Br-DBPs 6.5 L·mol −1·s−1 HOCl + Br-DBPs,int→Cl-DBPs + Br¯ 6.0 L·mol −1·s−1 氯胺消毒 NH2Cl + H2O→HOCl + NH3 3.0 × 10−5 s−1 HOCl + Br¯→HOBr + Cl¯ 7.75 × 102 L·mol −1·s−1 HOBr + NH3→NH2Br + H2O 5.1 × 106 L·mol −1·s−1 HOBr + NH2Cl→NHBrCl + H2O 2.7 × 105 L·mol −1·s−1 NH2Br + NOMfast→Br-DBPs,int + NH3 1.0 × 102 L·mol −1·s−1 NH2Br + NOMslow→Br-DBPs + NH3 28 L·mol −1·s−1 NHBrCl + NOMfast→Br-DBPs,int + NH2Cl 40 L·mol −1·s−1 NHBrCl + NOMslow→Br-DBPs + NH2Cl 1.6 × 10−2 L·mol −1·s−1 -
[1] DONG H Y, QIANG Z M, RICHARDSON S D. Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in drinking water: Emerging concerns and current issues [J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2019, 52(4): 896-905. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00641 [2] DAVIS S N, FABRYKA-MARTIN J T, WOLFSBERG L E. Variations of bromide in potable ground water in the United States [J]. Ground Water, 2010, 42(6): 902-909. [3] PAN Y, ZHANG X R, WAGNER E D, et al. Boiling of simulated tap water: Effect on polar brominated disinfection byproducts, halogen speciation, and cytotoxicity [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(1): 149-156. [4] PAN Y, WANG Y, LI A M, et al. Detection, formation and occurrence of 13 new polar phenolic chlorinated and brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water [J]. Water Research, 2017, 112: 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.037 [5] 杨永亮, 刘崴, 刘晓端, 等. 辽宁省西部和沈阳地区河水及地下水中溴的分布与污染特征 [J]. 环境化学, 2009, 28(6): 924-928. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2009.06.029 YANG Y L, LIU W, LIU X D, et al. Distribution and contamination characteristics of bromine in surface water and ground water from the western Liaoning and Shenyang area [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2009, 28(6): 924-928(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2009.06.029
[6] KIDD J, BARRIOS A, APUL O, et al. Removal of bromide from surface water: Comparison between silver-impregnated graphene oxide and silver-impregnated powdered activated carbon [J]. Environmental Engineering Science, 2018, 35(9): 988-995. doi: 10.1089/ees.2017.0485 [7] RICHARDSON S D, THRUSTON A D, RAV-ACHA C, et al. Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(17): 3782-3793. [8] RICHARDSON S D, FASANO F, ELLINGTON J J, et al. Occurrence and mammalian cell toxicity of iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(22): 8330-8338. [9] RICHARDSON S D, PLEWA M J, WAGNER E D, et al. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research [J]. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 2007, 636(1-3): 178-242. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001 [10] CHISHOLM K, COOK A, BOWER C, et al. Risk of birth defects in Australian communities with high levels of brominated disinfection by-products [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008, 116(9): 1267-1273. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10980 [11] NIEUWENHUIJSEN M J, TOLEDANO M B, EATON N E, et al. Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: A review [J]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2000, 57(2): 73-85. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.2.73 [12] PLEWA M J, WAGNER E D. Charting a new path to resolve the adverse health effects of DBPs [M]. Washington: American Chemical Society, 2015: 3-23 [13] DOBARADARAN S, SHABANKAREH FARD E, TEKLE-RÖTTERING A, et al. Age-sex specific and cause-specific health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from drinking water: An assessment in four urban communities of Bushehr Province, Iran, 2017 [J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 182: 109062. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109062 [14] 刘晓琳, 郑唯韡, 韦霄, 等. 江苏省某水厂含碳、含氮和碘系消毒副产物现况调查 [J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2012, 46(2): 133-138. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2012.02.009 LIU X L, ZHENG W W, WEI X, et al. Investigation on the levels of carbon-, nitrogen-, iodine-containing disinfection by-products in a water plant in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, 46(2): 133-138(in Chinese). doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2012.02.009
[15] 王姗姗. 辽宁省六城市出厂水中三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的调查 [C]//第十四届沈阳科学学术年会论文集(理工农医). 中共沈阳市委、沈阳市人民政府: 沈阳市科学技术协会, 2017: 677-681. WANG S S. Investigation of trihalomethanes disinfection by-products in six cities of Liaoning Province [C]// Proceedings of the 14th Shenyang Science Annual Conference (Science, engineering, agriculture and medicine). Shenyang municipal Party committee and Shenyang Municipal People's Government: Shenyang Science and Technology Association, 2017: 677-681 (in Chinese).
[16] 孟丽苹, 董兆敏, 胡建英. 全国自来水厂卤乙酸浓度调查、风险评估与标准建议 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(4): 721-726. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.04.023 MENG L P, DONG Z M, HU J Y. National survey and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in drinking water in China for reevaluation of the drinking water standards [J]. China Environmental Science, 2012, 32(4): 721-726(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.04.023
[17] DING H H, MENG L P, ZHANG H F, et al. Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China [J]. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 2013, 15(7): 1424-1429. [18] 董蕾, 王海燕, 蔡宏铨, 等. 我国六城市饮用水中含氮消毒副产物的现状调查 [J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2016, 33(3): 232-235. DONG L, WANG H Y, CAI H Q, et al. Investigation on nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water in six cities, China [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2016, 33(3): 232-235(in Chinese).
[19] YU Y, RECKHOW D A. Formation and occurrence of N-chloro-2, 2-dichloroacetamide, a previously overlooked nitrogenous disinfection byproduct in chlorinated drinking waters [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(3): 1488-1497. [20] CHU W, GAO N, YIN D, et al. Trace determination of 13 haloacetamides in drinking water using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization [J]. Journal of chromatography A, 2012, 1235: 178-181. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.074 [21] ZHOU R, XU Z, ZHU J, et al. Determination of 10 Haloacetamides in drinking water by gas chromatography with automated solid phase extraction [J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2020, 1150: 122191. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122191 [22] GLEZER V, HARRIS B, TAL N. Hydrolysis of haloacetonitriles: Linear free energy relationship, kinetics and products [J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(8): 1938-1948. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00361-3 [23] 王莹, 陈泽智, 李爱民, 等. 13种新型极性苯酚类氯/溴代消毒副产物的生成机理 [J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(10): 2089-2099. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017021501 WANG Y, CHEN Z Z, LI A M, et al. Formation mechanism of 13 new polar phenolic chlorinated and brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017, 36(10): 2089-2099(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017021501
[24] PLEWA M J, WAGNER E D, JAZWIERSKA P, et al. Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(1): 62-68. [25] KRASNER S W, WEINBERG H S, RICHARDSON S D, et al. Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(23): 7175-7185. [26] HUANG F, RUAN M, YAN J, et al. An improved method for determining HNMs in drinking water [J]. Water Science and Technology:Water Supply, 2013, 13(5): 1257-1264. doi: 10.2166/ws.2013.135 [27] YANG M T, ZHANG X R. Halopyrroles: A new group of highly toxic disinfection byproducts formed in chlorinated saline wastewater [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(20): 11846-11852. [28] HUANG Y, LI H, ZHOU Q, et al. New phenolic halogenated disinfection byproducts in simulated chlorinated drinking water: Identification, decomposition, and control by ozone-activated carbon treatment [J]. Water Research, 2018, 146: 298-306. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.031 [29] JEONG C H, POSTIGO C, RICHARDSON S D, et al. Occurrence and comparative toxicity of haloacetaldehyde disinfection byproducts in drinking water [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(23): 13749-13759. [30] GAO J N, PROULX F, RODRIGUEZ M J. Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 693: 133517. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.323 [31] WEINBERG H, KRASNER S, RICHARDSON S, et al. The occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health concern in drinking water: Results of a nationwide DBP occurrence study [R]. U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C. , 2002: EPA/600/R02/068. [32] SOHN J, AMY G, YOON Y. Bromide ion incorporation into brominated disinfection by-products [J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2006, 174(1/2/3/4): 265-277. [33] ZHANG J Z, YU J W, AN W, et al. Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source waters in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2011, 23(2): 183-188. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60440-8 [34] WINID, BOGUMILA. Bromine and water quality - Selected aspects and future perspectives [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2015, 63: 413-435. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.10.004 [35] CHANG E E, LIN Y P, CHIANG P C. Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs [J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 43(8): 1029-1034. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00210-1 [36] KOLB C, FRANCIS R A, VANBRIESEN J M. Disinfection byproduct regulatory compliance surrogates and bromide-associated risk [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2017, 58: 191-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.043 [37] ZHOU X L, ZHENG L L, CHEN S Y, et al. Factors influencing DBPs occurrence in tap water of Jinhua Region in Zhejiang Province, China [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 171: 813-822. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.106 [38] CRIQUET J, RODRIGUEZ E M, ALLARD S, et al. Reaction of bromine and chlorine with phenolic compounds and natural organic matter extracts: Electrophilic aromatic substitution and oxidation [J]. Water Research, 2015, 85: 476-486. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.051 [39] ZHAI H Y, ZHANG X R, ZHU X H, et al. Formation of brominated disinfection byproducts during chloramination of drinking water: New polar species and overall kinetics [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(5): 2579-2588. [40] ZHAI H Y, ZHANG X R. Formation and decomposition of new and unknown polar brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(6): 2194-2201. [41] HASSAN K Z A, BOWER K C, MILLER C M. Iron oxide enhanced chlorine decay and disinfection by-product formation [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2006, 132(12): 1609-1616. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:12(1609) [42] ROSSMAN L A, BROWN R A, SINGER P C. DBP formation kinetics in a simulated distribution system [J]. Water Research, 2001, 35(14): 3483-3489. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00059-8 [43] 樊陈锋, 朱志良, 刘绍刚. 金属离子对在饮用水氯化过程中形成消毒副产物的影响的研究进展 [J]. 化学通报, 2011, 74(7): 612-616. FAN C F, ZHU Z L, LIU S G. Progress of the effect of metal ions on the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination [J]. Chemistry, 2011, 74(7): 612-616(in Chinese).
[44] HOZALSKI R M, ZHANG L, ARNOLD W A. Reduction of haloacetic acids by Fe0: implications for treatment and fate [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2001, 35(11): 2258-2263. [45] YANG X, GUO W, ZHANG X, et al. Formation of disinfection by-products after pre-oxidation with chlorine dioxide or ferrate [J]. Water Research, 2013, 47(15): 5856-5864. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.010 [46] ZHA X, MA L, LIU Y. Reductive dehalogenation of brominated disinfection byproducts by iron based bimetallic systems [J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(20): 16323-16330. doi: 10.1039/C5RA26882F [47] 刘立超. 金属离子对饮用水氯化消毒副产物影响的研究[D]. 天津: 河北工业大学, 2017. LIU L C. Effect of metal ions on chlorination disinfection by-products of drinking water [D]. Tianjin: Hebei University of Technology, 2017(in Chinese).
[48] 王怡, 塔娜, 安乌云. 饮用水中三卤甲烷的生成机理与影响因素研究进展 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2020, 42(4): 500-506. WANG Y, TA N, AN W Y. Research progress on the formation mechanism and influencing factors of trihalomethanes in drinking water [J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2020, 42(4): 500-506(in Chinese).
[49] 陈梦杰, 张凤娥, 董良飞, 等. 供水管网中氯化消毒副产物健康风险评价 [J]. 常州大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 28(2): 46-49,87. CHEN M J, ZHANG F E, DONG L F, et al. Health risk assessment of chlorinated disinfection by-products in water distribution system [J]. Journal of ChangZhou University (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 28(2): 46-49,87(in Chinese).
[50] HUNG Y C, WATERS B W, YEMMIREDDY V K, et al. pH effect on the formation of THM and HAA disinfection byproducts and potential control strategies for food processing [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(12): 2914-2923. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61798-2 [51] LIU J Q, LI Y, JIANG J Y, et al. Effects of ascorbate and carbonate on the conversion and developmental toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts during boiling of tap water [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 254: 126890. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126890 [52] 魏源源, 刘燕, 代瑞华. 饮用水消毒溴代副产物及其健康风险 [J]. 化学通报, 2009, 72(12): 1051-1056. WEI Y Y, LIU Y, DAI R H. Brominated by-products of drinking water disinfection and their health risks [J]. Chemistry Bulletin, 2009, 72(12): 1051-1056(in Chinese).
[53] 朱有长, 刘敬雅, 赵尔格, 等. 饮用水消毒副产物比较分析与健康风险评估 [J]. 净水技术, 2019, 38(5): 45-50. ZHU Y C, LIU J Y, ZHAO E G, et al. Comparative analysis and health risk assessment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water [J]. Water Purification Technology, 2019, 38(5): 45-50(in Chinese).
[54] ICHIHASHI K, TERANISHI K, ICHIMURA A. Brominated trihalomethane formation in halogenation of humic acid in the coexistence of hypochlorite and hypobromite ions [J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(2): 477-483. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00227-9 [55] SIMPSON K L, HAYES K P. Drinking water disinfection by-products: An Australian perspective [J]. Water Research, 1998, 32(5): 1522-1528. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00341-2 [56] NIKOLAOU A D, LEKKAS T D, KOSTOPOULOU M N, et al. Investigation of the behaviour of haloketones in water samples [J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 44(5): 907-912. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00536-1 [57] 秦无双. 顶空气相色谱法测定自来水中6种卤代烃类消毒副产物残留 [J]. 分析仪器, 2020(2): 35-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-232x.2020.02.008 QIN W S. Determination of six halogenated hydrocarbon disinfection by-products residues in tap water by headspace gas chromatography [J]. Analytical Instrumentation, 2020(2): 35-39(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-232x.2020.02.008
[58] NIKOLAOU A D, LEKKAS T D, GOLFINOPOULOS S K, et al. Application of different analytical methods for determination of volatile chlorination by-products in drinking water [J]. Talanta, 2002, 56(4): 717-726. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00613-0 [59] KUIVINEN J, JOHNSSON H. Determination of trihalomethanes and some chlorinated solvents in drinking water by headspace technique with capillary column gas-chromatography [J]. Water Research, 1999, 33(5): 1201-1208. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00311-X [60] GONSIOR M, MITCHELMORE C, HEYES A, et al. Bromination of marine dissolved organic matter following full scale electrochemical ballast water disinfection [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(15): 9048-9055. [61] ZHANG H F, ZHANG Y H, SHI Q, et al. Characterization of unknown brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(6): 3112-3119. [62] LUEK J L, SCHMITT-KOPPLIN P, MOUSER P J, et al. Halogenated organic compounds identified in hydraulic fracturing wastewaters using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(10): 5377-5385. [63] PAN Y, ZHANG X R. Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: Effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(3): 1265-1273. [64] RICHARDSON S D, KIMURA S Y. Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues [J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 88(1): 546-582. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04493 [65] TAN J, ALLARD S, GRUCHLIK Y, et al. Impact of bromide on halogen incorporation into organic moieties in chlorinated drinking water treatment and distribution systems [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 541: 1572-1580. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.043 [66] PRESSMAN J G, RICHARDSON S D, SPETH T F, et al. Concentration, chlorination, and chemical analysis of drinking water for disinfection byproduct mixtures health effects research: US EPA's four lab study [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(19): 7184-7192. [67] HUA G H, RECKHOW D A. Determination of TOCl, TOBr and TOI in drinking water by pyrolysis and off-line ion chromatography [J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2006, 384(2): 495-504. [68] YANG Y, KOMAKI Y, KIMURA S Y, et al. Toxic impact of bromide and iodide on drinking water disinfected with chlorine or chloramines [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(20): 12362-12369. [69] KIMURA S Y, CUTHBERTSON A A, BYER J D, et al. The DBP exposome: Development of a new method to simultaneously quantify priority disinfection by-products and comprehensively identify unknowns [J]. Water Research, 2019, 148: 324-333. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.057 [70] KRISTIANA I, MCDONALD S, TAN J, et al. Analysis of halogen-specific TOX revisited: Method improvement and application [J]. Talanta, 2015, 139: 104-110. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.029