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在城市经济快速发展进程中,工业生产逐渐成为城市土壤重金属污染的主要驱动力,生产排放的污染物中重金属在土壤中累积,使土壤重金属含量逐渐高于其自然背景值,呈现土壤重金属污染现象,造成生态破坏和环境质量恶化[1]. 同时,加速的城市化进程带来城市人口的急剧增长,土壤中重金属的累积对居民的身体健康和城市发展也构成了潜在威胁[2-4],因此,对城市工业区土壤中重金属的污染状况及其来源进行分析具有重要意义.
近年来,城市土壤的重金属污染现象日益严重,城市土壤环境质量评价、生态风险以及污染源解析等引起国内外学者的广泛关注[5-8]. 长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的区域之一,高强度经济开发和人类活动造成的土壤环境质量下降问题亟需解决[9]. 上海市作为长江三角洲人口密度最大的城市,其土壤重金属的污染风险对居民生活和生态环境的影响应该引起高度重视. 目前对上海市土壤的研究主要集中在农田土壤[10-11]和公园土壤[3]的环境质量评价,对工业区土壤的关注度还很低. 同时,土壤作为时空连续的变异体,具有较高的空间异质性,而城市工业区土壤重金属含量受到人为高强度利用的影响,其空间变异更为复杂. 因此,应提高对城市工业区土壤重金属污染风险的关注度.
本研究对城市工业区(以上海市闵行区为例)土壤进行采样调查,对重金属砷(As)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)和镍(Ni)的含量进行测定,应用反距离加权法(inverse distance weighting)分析土壤重金属元素的空间分布特征,综合利用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地累积指数对上海城市工业区土壤重金属污染现状进行评价,并利用相关性分析和主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)受体模型进行来源解析,有助于对上海典型城市工业区土壤质量进行全面了解,以期为城市工业区土壤重金属污染防控与修复提供基础的数据支撑.
城市工业区土壤重金属累积特征与来源解析——以上海市闵行区典型工业区为例
Accumulation and source apportionment of heavy metals in urban-industrial soils – A case study in Minhang District of Shanghai
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摘要: 为了掌握城市工业区土壤重金属污染状况与来源,以上海市闵行区典型工业区为例,对该工业区表层土壤(0—20 cm)重金属(As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg和Ni)的累积状况、空间分布特征与污染来源进行分析与评价. 结果表明,土壤重金属As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg和Ni的含量均值分别为7.80、9.49、41.11、150.67、90.48、0.27、0.14、35.57 mg·kg-1. 与上海市土壤背景值相比,除As、Pb外,其余重金属平均含量均高于其背景值. 空间上,As元素含量的分布西部区域低于东部区域;Cr、Hg和Ni在空间分布上具有一定程度的相似性,在研究区东北部含量低于其他区域;Cr元素在空间上呈带状分布与局部岛状分布,位于研究区中部的工业区累积集中程度相对较高;Hg和Ni元素在空间上主要呈带状分布;Pb元素空间变异大,高值区位于东部的食品工业区和印刷工业区. 综合单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地累积指数评价结果表明,Zn、Cd和Cu的累积程度较高. 总体上,研究区土壤重金属尚未达到污染水平. 主成分-多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)表明,人为源占主体,约为93.2%.Abstract: To study the situation of urban-industrial soils, the spatial distribution, sources, and pollution level of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni) in Minhang District of Shanghai, as a case study, were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The average contents of soil As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Ni were 7.80, 9.49, 41.11, 150.67, 90.48, 0.27, 0.14, and 35.57 mg·kg-1, respectively. Compared with the background values of heavy metals in soil in Shanghai, except for As and Pb, the average contents of other heavy metals were higher than their background values. (2) Spatially, the distribution of As contents in the western region were lower than that of the eastern region. Cr, Hg, and Ni had a certain degree of similarity in spatial distribution, and the contents of them in the northeast of the study area were lower than other regions. Distribution of Cr contents were in the shape of band and island, the accumulation concentration of the industrial area in the middle of the study area was relatively high. Hg and Ni contents were mainly banded in space. Pb had spatial variation significantly, and the high-value areas were located in the eastern food industry area and printing industry area. (3) Combined single factor pollution index, Nemerow comprehensive pollution index, and index of geo-accumulation to evaluate the polluted levels comprehensively, the results demonstrated the accumulation level of Cu, Zn, and Cd were high. In general, soil in the studied area is dominated by uncontaminated soil samples. (4) Principal component analysis - multiple linear regression model (PCA-MLR) showed that the anthropogenic source was attributed to 93.2%.
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Key words:
- industrial area /
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- accumulative characteristics /
- spatial distribution /
- source identification.
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表 1 土壤重金属评价参照标准(mg·kg−1)
Table 1. Assessment of standard reference on soil heavy metal(mg·kg−1)
表 2 土壤重金属污染分级标准
Table 2. Criteria for classification of soil heavy metal pollution
级别
Class$ {P}_{i} $ $ {P}_{\mathrm{m}} $ 污染等级
Grade1 ≤ 1 ≤ 0.7 未污染 2 1 < ≤ 2$ {P}_{i} $ 0.7 < ≤ 1.0$ {P}_{\mathrm{m}} $ 轻度污染 3 2 < ≤ 3$ {P}_{i} $ 1.0 < ≤ 2.0$ {P}_{\mathrm{m}} $ 中度污染 4 3 < ≤ 5$ {P}_{i} $ 2.0 < ≤ 3.0$ {P}_{\mathrm{m}} $ 重度污染 5 > 5 > 3.0 严重污染 表 3 地累积指数分级标准
Table 3. Criteria for classification of geo-accumulation index for soil heavy metal
Level $ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 污染等级
Contamination class1 ≤ 0$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 无污染 2 0 < ≤ 1$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 无污染到中度污染 3 1 < ≤ 2$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 中度污染 4 2 < ≤ 3$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 中度污染到强度污染 5 3 < ≤ 4$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 强度污染 6 4 < ≤ 5$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 强度污染到极强污染 7 > 5$ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{o}} $ 极强污染 表 4 城市工业区土壤重金属含量描述性统计分析
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of soil heavy metal concentrations in urban-industrial soils
最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum平均值
Mean标准差
Standard deviation变异系数
Coefficient of variationpH 7.18 8.49 8.09 0.28 0.03 As/ (mg·kg−1) 5.62 13.20 7.78 1.36 0.17 Cd /(mg·kg−1) 0.09 0.94 0.27 0.20 0.73 Cr/ (mg·kg−1) 72.60 142.00 90.48 14.34 0.16 Cu/ (mg·kg−1) 23.90 120.00 41.11 18.45 0.45 Hg/ (mg·kg−1) 0.01 0.78 0.14 0.13 0.94 Ni /(mg·kg−1) 26.70 48.60 35.57 5.04 0.14 Pb/ (mg·kg−1) 0.00 166.00 9.49 34.89 3.68 Zn /(mg·kg−1) 0.00 519.00 150.67 101.14 0.67 表 5 土壤pH和重金属元素间的相关性
Table 5. Correlation analysis of soil pH, organic matter and heavy metal concentrations in urban-industrial soils
pH As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn pH 1 As 0.178 1 Cd −0.062 0.059 1 Cr −0.116 0.065 0.585** 1 Cu −0.410** 0.007 0.315* 0.410** 1 Hg −0.366** −0.215 0.142 0.080 0.180 1 Ni 0.050 0.449** −0.211 0.313* 0.011 −0.211 1 Pb −0.090 0.044 0.376** 0.130 0.102 −0.059 −0.194 1 Zn −0.199 0.016 0.627** 0.351** 0.535** 0.325* −0.223 0.326* 1 注:** 表示在置信度(双测)为0.01时显著相关,* 表示在置信度(双测)为0.05时间显著相关.
Note: **: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *: Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). -
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