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甲醛(HCHO)是对流层大气挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的重要成分之一[1-3],通过参与光化学反应生成羟基自由基(OH)和臭氧(O3),是近地面O3和二次气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)生成的重要前体物[4-6]. HCHO来源广泛,主要分为天然源和人为源,天然源主要来自甲烷的光化学氧化和植被释放异戊二烯等的光解[7-8];人为源来源复杂,如工业生产活动、溶剂使用、汽车尾气和室内装修材料释放等[9-11]. 此外,HCHO不仅危害呼吸系统和神经系统,还可以导致皮肤黏膜损伤,并且已经证实对人体有致癌效应[12-13]. 因此,HCHO得到了许多研究学者和公众的广泛关注. 现阶段,随着我国大气污染治理的深入,目前面临着区域PM2.5和O3协同控制需求[14],因此,有必要对区域大气HCHO的浓度及变化特征进行研究.
由于HCHO在大气中来源广泛且释放周期长,以往采用特定仪器监测和人工检测缺乏全面性、长期性和广泛性[15],卫星数据精度高、覆盖广、灵活度高等优点可以很好的解决这一问题. 近些年,许多学者利用卫星搭载的臭氧监测仪(ozone monitoring instrument,OMI)数据研究大气环境中HCHO的污染特征. 陈智海等[16]的研究表明,2005—2016年中国HCHO浓度呈上升趋势,且污染严重的区域主要分布在华北平原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲及四川盆地;咸龙等[17]研究了2015—2017年中国HCHO时空分布,结果显示河南省HCHO浓度位列全国前5且HCHO浓度高于13×1015 mole·cm−2. 此外,由前人研究可知,气象因素和社会经济因素对HCHO浓度具有重要影响,且同一影响因子在不同区域对HCHO变化的影响程度也不相同[18-20]. 目前对HCHO受自然因素影响的研究中,主要采用地面监测的气象数据[21-22],但是有限的地面监测数据站点分布不均匀,无法完整反映出HCHO与气象因素的相关性,而欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center For Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECWMF)提供的ERA5-LAND数据具有更高的时空分辨率,其水平分辨率可达0.1°×0.1°,时间分辨率为1 h,再分析产生的数据可以追溯到几十年前,准确描述了过去的气候[23]. 大气再分析数据是采用最先进的全球资料同化系统和数据库,对各种来源的观测资料(卫星、地面观测、飞机、船舶、无线电探空及测风气球等)进行质量控制和同化处理得到的,具有时间序列长、分辨率高等优点,可以用于分析大气污染物受气象因素影响的研究中[24].
2020年河南省全年PM2.5平均浓度为52 μg·m−3,超过全国平均浓度33 μg·m−3;O3平均浓度103 μg·m−3,其中超国家颁布《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)MDA8 O3浓度限值II级标准(160 μg·m−3)的有安阳、焦作和郑州等十个省辖市,是PM2.5和O3污染严重的省份,环境空气质量改善面临巨大的压力和挑战. 目前河南省还缺乏HCHO浓度变化趋势及时空分布特征研究. 因此,本文以河南省为研究区域,采用OMI卫星反演数据对河南省2009—2020年HCHO浓度时空分布以及变化趋势进行分析,采用ERA5-Land气象数据探讨河南省自然因素与HCHO浓度变化的关系,以及人为活动对HCHO浓度的影响. 以期为本区域的空气质量改善提供基础数据支撑.
基于卫星遥感的河南省甲醛变化趋势及影响因素分析
Analysis of the changing trend and influencing factors of HCHO in Henan Province through satellite retrievals
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摘要: 基于Aura-OMI卫星遥感反演的对流层甲醛柱浓度数据,结合de-seasonalized和de-cyclical统计方法,以及ERA5-LAND气象资料和人类活动数据,对河南省2009—2020年甲醛浓度的时空分布特征、长期变化趋势及影响因素进行分析. 结果表明,河南省近12年甲醛浓度均值为9.64×1015 mole·cm−2,整体呈上升趋势,平均增速8.14×1013 mole·(cm2·a)−1. 大气甲醛浓度具有明显的季节特征,表现为:夏季(12.73×1015 mole·cm−2)>春季(8.57×1015 mole·cm−2)>秋季(8.46×1015 mole·cm−2)>冬季(7.34×1015 mole·cm−2),且四季皆呈上升趋势. 自然因素和人为因素共同作用,使河南省甲醛浓度呈由东北向西南递减的空间分布特征. 温度和地表太阳净辐射对甲醛生成有促进作用,降水能够清除大气中的甲醛;河南省地形和主导风速风向影响甲醛的扩散. 河南省甲醛浓度变化与国民生产总值(r=0.95)、总人口数(r=0.82)、能源消耗量(r=0.67)和机动车保有量(r=0.80)的相关性较高.Abstract: Based on the satellite remote sensing inversion of Aura-OMI tropospheric HCHO concentration data, combined with de-seasonalized and de-cyclical statistical methods, as well as ERA5-LAND meteorological data and human activity data, in this paper, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, long-term trend and influence factors of HCHO concentration in Henan Province from 2009 to 2020 were analyzed. The results showed that the annual average HCHO concentration in Henan Province was 9.64×1015 mole·cm−2 with an overall upward trend, and the average growth rate was 8.14×1013 mole·(cm2·a)−1 during these twelve years. The pattern of seasonal HCHO concentrations was: summer (12.73×1015 mole·cm−2) > spring (8.57×1015 mole·cm−2) > autumn (8.46×1015 mole·cm−2) > winter (7.34×1015 mole·cm−2), and all seasons showed an upward trend. Natural factors and anthropogenic emission factors are makes the spatial distribution of HCHO in Henan Province decrease from northeast to southwest. Temperature and solar radiation generation has a promoting effect to HCHO, and precipitation can remove HCHO in the atmosphere; The terrain and the area of wind speed and direction of Henan Province influence the diffusion of HCHO. Gross national product(r=0.95), population(r=0.82), energy consumption(r=0.67) and motor vehicle ownership(r=0.80) had a high correlation with the change of HCHO in Henan Province.
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Key words:
- HCHO /
- OMI /
- spatiotemporal variations /
- driving power analysis /
- Henan Province.
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图 5 2009—2020年河南省HCHO de-seasonalized和de-cyclical时间序列和HCHO浓度空间变化趋势(a)时间变化趋势;(b)逐像元HCHO变化趋势
Figure 5. The annual variation trend of HCHO de-seasonalized and de-cyclical time series and the spatial variation trend of HCHO in Henan Province from 2009 to 2020 (a)temporal trends; (b)pixel-by-cell HCHO trends
图 9 人为排放因素与HCHO浓度的相关性(SCE:标准煤)(a)国内生产总值;(b)总人口数;(c)总能源消耗量;(d)煤炭消耗量;(e)机动车保有量
Figure 9. Correlation of human factors on the concentration of HCHO(SCE: standard coal equivalent) (a)gross domestic product; (b) total population; (c) total energy consumption; (d) coal consumption; (e) possession of motor vehicle
表 1 2009—2020年河南省风速风向
Table 1. Wind speed and direction in Henan Province from 2009 to 2020
年份
Year10 m高横向风u10/(m·s−1) 10 m高纵向风v10/(m·s−1) 2009 −1.76 0.16 2010 −0.11 0.07 2011 −0.25 −0.05 2012 −0.32 0.03 2013 −0.13 0.34 2014 −0.29 0.06 2015 −0.26 0.05 2016 −0.28 0.01 2017 −0.18 0.13 2018 −0.31 −0.02 2019 −0.31 0.05 2020 −0.15 0.02 -
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