-
地下水是饮用水和生活用水的重要淡水来源,尤其是在干旱半干旱生态脆弱、水资源匮乏的西北地区[1-2]. 近几十年来,随着经济发展,生活水平的不断提高,地下水受重金属污染的问题也日益严重[3]. 地下水中的重金属具有高毒性、持久性、富集性、隐蔽性和难降解性等特点[4-5],易通过饮水途径在人体内富集,并结合体内其他毒素形成毒性更大的物质,对人体健康产生威胁[6]. 因此,加强地下水尤其饮用水地下水中重金属的监测、评价和健康风险评估十分重要[7]. 目前,任丽江等[8]、张清华[9]、Wu等[10]、高宗军等[11]采用美国环保署(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型分别对东莞市电镀厂周边地表水、柳江流域饮用水源地、北运河流域、天津市海岸带等不同水体中重金属污染进行了初步健康风险评价,在健康风险评价模型的基础上,余葱葱等[12]、吴俊伟[13]、吴转璋等[14]、马海珍等[15]分别构建了随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型、云模型、区间数、梯形模糊数的健康风险综合评价模型对区域水环境进行了更深入的健康风险研究. 吉兰泰盐湖是我国重要的盐化工业基地,近年来,盐湖盆地周边环境污染问题越来越受到重视,已有学者秦子元[16]、高瑞忠[17] 、张阿龙[18] 等对整个盐湖盆地地下水及土壤中Cr6+、Hg、As的重金属含量、分布、生态风险及健康风险进行了研究.
综上所述,可以看出关于地下水重金属的研究多数集中于经济发达区或工业厂区范围,对于西北干旱地区研究较少,尽管已有了部分研究成果[16-18],但其仅仅是对整个盐湖盆地进行分析,缺少对于重点风险区域的深入研究,并且研究重金属元素种类较少,因此,本文以吉兰泰盐湖盆地重金属风险区域图格力高勒流域为研究区,以地下水中 Cr6+、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb共 6 种重金属元素浓度数据为依据,揭示流域地下水中多种重金属元素的含量特征与空间分布规律,解析区域地下水综合污染程度,评价重金属健康风险水平,以期为西北旱区区域用水安全和人类健康保障研究提供科学思路,为盐湖盆地的重金属污染风险防控及管理提供参考依据.
西北盐湖流域地下水重金属的污染特征及健康风险
Pollution characteristics and health risks of groundwater from heavy metals in Northwest Salt Lake Basin
-
摘要: 为探究西北内陆盐湖流域地下水中重金属元素的分布特征及对人体健康的潜在风险,以内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖盆地重金属风险区域为研究对象,采集地下水样并测试分析pH、TDS、8种离子等物化指标及Cr6+、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等重金属含量,揭示重金属空间分布特征,解析重金属分布控制因素,评价重金属污染风险水平,检验离子同源性及判别健康风险程度. 结果表明,盐湖流域地下水中重金属元素平均浓度大小依次为Cr6+>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cd,其中局部区域出现Cr6+ 和As超出地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848—2017)Ⅲ类水标准限值;地下水中重金属含量分布具有显著的空间差异性,高值区主要集中流域西北侧和盐湖盆地西南侧;流域地下水总体处于安全清洁的状态,仅在东南部分区域出现轻度污染,不存在中度和重度污染;Cr6+、Cr和 Cu具有一定的同源性,Zn、Cd和 Pb来源相似或迁移转化过程相近,地下水重金属的分布主要受岩土矿物、气象和水文因素等天然因素的影响,多种离子成分因相似的环境地球化学作用控制而迁移演化;化学致癌重金属通过饮水途径对人体健康风险超过非致癌物,儿童接触重金属后导致的健康风险比成人高;区域Cr6+健康风险值6.2×10−5 a−1小于美国环保署(US EPA)但大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,非致癌物重金属平均健康风险呈现出Cu>Pb>Zn,均远低于 ICRP 推荐的最大可接受水平.Abstract: Exploring the distribution characteristics of heavy metal in groundwater and its potential risks to human health were conducive to utilize and protect the groundwater and salinization resources effectively. In this paper, taking the heavy metal risk area of Jilantai Salt Lake Basin in Inner Mongolia as the study area, the physicochemical indicators such as pH, TDS, eight major ions, Cr6+, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the groundwater samples were tested and analyzed. The spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals were revealed and its control factors were analyzed; the risk level of heavy metal pollution were evaluated; the degree of health risk and the homology of ions were judged. The results showed that the rank of heavy metals concentration in groundwater were Cr6+>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cd, and Cr6+and As in local areas exceeded the class III limits of the groundwater quality standard (GB/T 14848—2017); the distribution of heavy metals existed significant spatial differences, and the high-value areas mainly located in the northwest and the southwest of the basin; totally, the groundwater were safe and clean, and only slight pollution in the southeast part were founded; Cr6+, Cr and Cu have certain homology, Zn, Cd and Pb have similar sources or similar migration and transformation processes; the distribution of heavy metals were mainly influenced by natural factors such as geotechnical minerals, meteorological and hydrological factors, and the ionic components migrated and evolved under the control of similar environmental geochemistry; the health risks from the chemical carcinogenic heavy metals through drinking water were higher than non-carcinogens, and the health risks to children's from heavy metals were higher than adults; the health risk value of Cr6+ were 6.2×10−5 a−1, which was lower than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA), but exceeded the maximum acceptable risk level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP); the rank of health risk from non-carcinogenic heavy metals was Cu>Pb>Zn, and their concentrations were far lower the maximum acceptable levels recommended by ICRP.
-
Key words:
- salt lake basin /
- groundwater /
- heavy metals /
- health risks.
-
表 1 内梅罗综合污染指数法分级标准
Table 1. Classification standard of Nemero comprehensive pollution index method
污染指数
Pollution index污染程度
Degree of pollutionPN≤0.7 安全 0.7<PN≤1.0 警戒线 1.0<PN≤2.0 轻度污染 2.0<PN≤3.0 中度污染 PN>3.0 重度污染 模型名称
Model name计算公式
Formula to calculate参数说明
Parameter description致癌物健康风险
评价模型${R}_{\mathrm{c} }=\displaystyle\sum {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{c} }=\sum \left[-\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-{D}_{i}\cdot {Q}_{i})\right]/74.44$ $ {D}_{i}=\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}\times {C}_{i}/\mathrm{B}\mathrm{W} $ Rc:经饮水途径引起的致癌总风险值,a−1 :致癌物质i经饮水途径所致平均个人年健康风险,a−1$ {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{c}} $
Di:重金属 i 经饮水途径的单位体重日均暴露剂量,mg·(kg·d)−1
Qi:致癌物质经饮水途径摄入的致癌强度系数,mg·(kg·d)−1
74.44:内蒙古自治区人均预期寿命,a
Ci:重金属i的质量浓度,mg·L−1
IR:日平均饮水量, L·d−1,成人为2.2 L·d−1,儿童为1.0 L·d−1 [25-26]
BW:人均体重,kg,成人为64.3 kg,儿童为22.9 kg[25-26]非致癌物健康
风险评价模型${R}_{\mathrm{n} }=\displaystyle\sum {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{n} }=\sum ({D}_{i}/\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}{\mathrm{D} }_{i})\times {10}^{-6}/74.44$ $ {D}_{i}=\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}\times {C}_{i}/\mathrm{B}\mathrm{W} $ Rn:经饮水途径引起的非致癌总风险值,a−1 :非致癌物质i经饮水途径所致平均个人年健康风险,a−1$ {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{n}} $
RfDi:非致癌物质经饮水途径日均摄入的参考剂量,mg·(kg·d)−1
Di和74.44:同上健康总风险
评价模型$ {R}_{\mathrm{总}}={R}_{\mathrm{c}}+{R}_{\mathrm{n}} $ :暴露人群经饮水途径的年健康总风险值$ {R}_{\mathrm{总}} $ 化学致癌物
Qi非致癌物
RfDiCr6+ As Cd Cu Zn Pb 41 15 6.1 0.005 0.3 0.0014 标准机构
Standards bodies美国环保署
US EPA瑞典环保局
Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency荷兰建设环保局
Netherlands Construction
Environmental Protection Agency英国皇家协会
Royal Society国际辐射防护委员会
ICRP最大可接受风险 1×10−4 1×10−6 1×10−6 1×10−6 5×10−5 可忽略水平 — — 1×10−8 1×10−7 — 表 5 风险等级、风险程度及风险值范围评价标准[28] (a−1)
Table 5. Risk level,risk degree and risk range evaluation criteria[28] (a−1)
风险等级
Risk level风险程度
Degree of risk风险值范围
Value at risk rangeⅠ 低 Rn<1.0×10−6 Ⅱ 较低 1.0×10−6≤Rn<1.0×10−5 Ⅲ 中等 1.0×10−5≤Rn<5.0×10−5 Ⅳ 较高 5.0×10−5≤Rn<1.0×10−4 Ⅴ 高 Rn≥1.0×10−4 表 6 地下水重金属浓度分析统计(μg·L−1)
Table 6. Analysis and statistics of heavy metal concentration in groundwater(μg·L−1)
重金属成分
Heavy metal
composition最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum平均值
Average标准差
Standard
deviation变异系数
Variable
coefficient《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类
National Quality
Standard For
Groundwater Class Ⅲ超标率/%
Exceeding standard
rateCd 0.01 0.18 0.06 0.04 65.64% 5 0 Zn 9.60 70.55 23.80 13.90 58.41% 1000 0 Pb 0.13 6.00 0.78 1.16 147.75% 10 0 Cu 1.62 25.04 12.34 5.73 46.39% 1000 0 Cr6+ 1.00 135.00 33.08 35.84 108.33% 50 29.17 As 0.11 18.53 3.82 4.31 112.86% 10 8.33 表 7 地下水内梅罗指数等级统计
Table 7. Statistics of Nemerow index grade of groundwater
等级
Level污染等级
Pollution levels样本数/个
Sample size /PCS百分比重/ %
PercentageⅠ 安全 16 66.67 Ⅱ 警戒线 4 16.67 Ⅲ 轻度污染 6 25.00 合计 26 100 表 8 流域地下水重金属经饮用水途径暴露产生的健康风险(a−1)
Table 8. Average annual health risk of individuals exposed to heavy metals in groundwater through drinking water(a−1)
类型
Type成人
Adult儿童
Children范围
Range平均值
Average范围
Range平均值
Average致癌物 Cr6+ 7.88×10−6—2.25×10−4 6.20×10−5 8.4×10−6—2.98×10−4 7.91×10−5 As 7.31×10−8—1.28×10−5 2.63×10−6 9.33×10−8—1.63×10−5 3.36×10−6 Cd 4.09×10−9—4.92×10−8 1.64×10−8 5.23×10−9—6.28×10−8 2.09×10−8 Rc 1.96×10−6—2.65×10−4 6.47×10−5 2.50×10−6—3.37×10−4 8.25×10−5 非致癌物 Cu 1.49×10−11—2.3×10−10 1.13×10−10 1.90×10−11—2.94×10−10 1.45×10−10 Zn 1.47×10−12—1.08×10−11 3.65×10−12 1.88×10−12—1.38×10−11 4.65×10−12 Pb 4.29×10−12—1.97×10−10 2.57×10−11 5.48×10−12—2.51×10−10 3.28×10−11 Rn 2.07×10−11—4.38×10−10 1.43×10−10 2.64×10−11—5.59×10−10 1.82×10−10 表 9 流域地下水重金属污染物总健康风险(a−1)
Table 9. Total individual annual health risk of heavy metal pollutants in groundwater of River Basin (a−1)
人群
CrowdRc Rn R总 风险等级
Risk level成人 6.47×10−5 1.43×10-10 6.47×10−5 较高 儿童 8.25×10−5 1.82×10-10 8.25×10−5 较高 -
[1] LIU Y, MA R. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in the Luan River Catchment within the North China plain [J]. Geofluids, 2020, 2020: 1-7. [2] WU J H, ZHANG Y X, ZHOU H. Groundwater chemistry and groundwater quality index incorporating health risk weighting in Dingbian County, Ordos Basin of northwest China [J]. Geochemistry, 2020, 80(4): 125607. doi: 10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125607 [3] 刘子奇, 仇付国, 李红岩, 等. 华北平原某区农村供水水质与健康风险评估 [J]. 环境化学, 2021, 40(7): 2054-2063. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020092201 LIU Z Q, QIU F G, LI H Y, et al. Evaluations of rural drinking water quality and health risk in the North China Plain [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021, 40(7): 2054-2063(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020092201
[4] HE S, WU J H. Hydrogeochemical characteristics, groundwater quality, and health risks from hexavalent chromium and nitrate in groundwater of huanhe formation in Wuqi County, northwest China [J]. Exposure and Health, 2019, 11(2): 125-137. doi: 10.1007/s12403-018-0289-7 [5] 师环环, 潘羽杰, 曾敏, 等. 雷州半岛地下水重金属来源解析及健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(9): 4246-4256. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202101147 SHI H H, PAN Y J, ZENG M, et al. Source analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of Leizhou peninsula [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(9): 4246-4256(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202101147
[6] KHAN Y K, TOQEER M, SHAH M H. Spatial distribution, pollution characterization and health risk assessment of selected metals in groundwater of Lahore, Pakistan [J]. Geochemistry, 2021, 81(1): 125692. doi: 10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125692 [7] LONG X T, LIU F, ZHOU X, et al. Estimation of spatial distribution and health risk by arsenic and heavy metals in shallow groundwater around Dongting Lake plain using GIS mapping [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 269: 128698. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128698 [8] 任丽江, 张妍, 张鑫, 等. 渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价 [J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(1): 131-141. REN L J, ZHANG Y, ZHANG X, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water in Guanzhong section of the Weihe River Basin [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 31(1): 131-141(in Chinese).
[9] 张清华, 韦永著, 曹建华, 等. 柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(4): 1598-1607. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201708210 ZHANG Q H, WEI Y Z, CAO J H, et al. Heavy metal pollution of the drinking water sources in the Liujiang River Basin, and related health risk assessments [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(4): 1598-1607(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201708210
[10] WU H H, XU C B, WANG J H, et al. Health risk assessment based on source identification of heavy metals: A case study of Beiyun River, China [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 213(8): 112046. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112046 [11] 高宗军, 王贞岩, 王姝, 等. 天津市海岸带地下水重金属特征与健康风险评价 [J]. 海洋环境科学, 2021, 40(3): 384-391. doi: 10.12111/j.mes.20200060 GAO Z J, WANG Z Y, WANG S, et al. Characteristics of heavy metals and health risk assessment of groundwater in Tianjin coastal area [J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2021, 40(3): 384-391(in Chinese). doi: 10.12111/j.mes.20200060
[12] 余葱葱, 姚鹏. 基于随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合的电镀厂周边地表水重金属健康风险评价[J]. 中国煤炭地质, 2019, 31(S1): 77-84. YU C C, YAO P. Electroplating factory periphery surface water heavy metal pollution health risk assessment based on coupling model of stochastic simulation and triangular fuzzy number[J]. Coal Geology of China, 2019, 31(Sup 1): 77-84(in Chinese).
[13] 吴俊伟. 基于云模型的水体重金属污染评价模型与实例研究[D]. 福州: 福州大学, 2014. WU J W. Assessment model for heavy metal pollution in water source based on cloud model and case study[D]. Fuzhou: Fuzhou University, 2014(in Chinese).
[14] 吴转璋, 耿天召. 淮河流域安徽段水环境健康风险模糊综合评价 [J]. 安徽农业科学, 2018, 46(27): 68-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2018.27.021 WU Z Z, GENG T Z. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of water environmental health risk in Anhui section of Huaihe River Basin [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(27): 68-72(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2018.27.021
[15] 马海珍, 段磊, 朱世峰, 等. 基于梯形模糊数的地下水源地环境健康风险评价 [J]. 西北地质, 2021, 54(2): 248-258. MA H Z, DUAN L, ZHU S F, et al. Assessment of the environmental risk of groundwater source based on trapezoidal fuzzy number [J]. Northwestern Geology, 2021, 54(2): 248-258(in Chinese).
[16] 秦子元. 内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖盆地地下水化学特征及控制因素[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2019. QIN Z Y. Groundwater chemical characteristics and controlling factors in Jilantai salt lake basin, inner Mongolia[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2019(in Chinese).
[17] 高瑞忠, 秦子元, 张生, 等. 吉兰泰盐湖盆地地下水Cr6+、As、Hg健康风险评价 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(6): 2353-2362. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.06.040 GAO R Z, QIN Z Y, ZHANG S, et al. Health risk assessment of Cr6+, As and Hg in groundwater of Jilantai salt lake basin, China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(6): 2353-2362(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.06.040
[18] 张阿龙, 高瑞忠, 张生, 等. 吉兰泰盐湖盆地土壤铬、汞、砷污染的负荷特征与健康风险评价 [J]. 干旱区研究, 2018, 35(5): 1057-1067. ZHANG A L, GAO R Z, ZHANG S, et al. Pollution load characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals Cr, Hg and As in the Jilantai salt lake basin [J]. Arid Zone Research, 2018, 35(5): 1057-1067(in Chinese).
[19] 于志同, 刘兴起, 王永, 等. 13.8ka以来内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖的演化过程 [J]. 湖泊科学, 2012, 24(4): 629-636. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5427.2012.04.018 YU Z T, LIU X Q, WANG Y, et al. Evolution of Jilantai salt lake, inner Mongolia in the last 13.8ka [J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2012, 24(4): 629-636(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-5427.2012.04.018
[20] 王锐, 邓海, 严明书, 等. 重庆市酉阳县南部农田土壤重金属污染评估及来源解析 [J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(10): 4749-4756. WANG R, DENG H, YAN M S, et al. Assessment and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils in southern Youyang County, Chongqing [J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(10): 4749-4756(in Chinese).
[21] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 地下水质量标准: GB/T 14848—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Standard for groundwater quality: GB/T 14848—2017[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017(in Chinese).
[22] SWAINE D J. Why trace elements are important [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65: 21-33. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00073-9 [23] 高文琪, 丁文广, 吴守霞, 等. 天水市2013—2017年饮用水源水质分析及健康风险评价 [J]. 环境化学, 2020, 39(7): 1821-1831. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019042501 GAO W Q, DING W G, WU S X, et al. Municipal water quality analysis and health risk assessment of Tianshui from 2013 to 2017 [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(7): 1821-1831(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019042501
[24] 刘昭, 周宏, 曹文佳, 等. 清江流域地表水重金属季节性分布特征及健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(1): 175-183. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202006050 LIU Z, ZHOU H, CAO W J, et al. Seasonal distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water of Qingjiang River [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(1): 175-183(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202006050
[25] 环境保护部. 中国人群暴露参数手册 成人卷[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2013. Handbook of Population Exposure Parameters in China Adult Volume[M]. Beijing: China Environment Science Press, 2013(in Chinese).
[26] 环境保护部. 中国人(儿童卷) [M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2016. Ministry of environmental protection Chinese (children's volume) [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2016(in Chinese).
[27] US EPA. 1986. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment [R]. EPA/630 /R-00-004. Washington DC: Risk Assessment Forum U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 33992-34003. [28] 黄宏伟, 肖河, 王敦球, 等. 漓江流域水体中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(4): 1714-1723. HUANG H W, XIAO H, WANG D Q, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the water of Lijiang River Basin [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(4): 1714-1723(in Chinese).
[29] 谢龙涛, 潘剑君, 白浩然, 等. 基于GIS的农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价: 以南京市江宁区某乡镇为例 [J]. 土壤学报, 2020, 57(2): 316-325. doi: 10.11766/trxb201809010441 XIE L T, PAN J J, BAI H R, et al. GIS-based spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils: A case study of a town of Jiangning, Nanjing [J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2020, 57(2): 316-325(in Chinese). doi: 10.11766/trxb201809010441
[30] 刘德玉, 贾贵义, 张伟, 等. 甘肃敦煌地区疏勒河尾闾区地下水化学特征及成因分析 [J]. 地质论评, 2022, 68(1): 181-194. LIU D Y, JIA G Y, ZHANG W, et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanism analysis of groundwater in the tail area of the Shule River, Dunhuang, Gansu [J]. Geological Review, 2022, 68(1): 181-194(in Chinese).
[31] 张莉, 祁士华, 瞿程凯, 等. 福建九龙江流域重金属分布来源及健康风险评价 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(8): 2133-2139. ZHANG L, QI S H, QU C K, et al. Distribution, source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the water of Jiulong River, Fujian [J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(8): 2133-2139(in Chinese).
[32] 陆凤娟. 以嘉定区为例对上海市郊区饮用水源水重金属进行健康风险评价 [J]. 中国环境监测, 2013, 29(2): 5-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2013.02.002 LU F J. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in Shanghai City suburb for Jiading District as an example [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2013, 29(2): 5-8(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2013.02.002
[33] 毛雨廷, 貟海燕, 王钰, 等. 汾河太原段水环境健康风险评价 [J]. 科技情报开发与经济, 2012, 22(1): 125-127. MAO Y T, YUN H Y, WANG Y, et al. Discussion on water environment's health risk assessment of Fenhe River's Taiyuan section [J]. Sci-Tech Information Development & Economy, 2012, 22(1): 125-127(in Chinese).
[34] 温海威, 吕聪, 王天野, 等. 沈阳地区农村地下饮用水中重金属健康风险评价 [J]. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(23): 242-247. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0793 WEN H W, LV C, WANG T Y, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metal in rural drinking groundwater in Shenyang, China [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2012, 28(23): 242-247(in Chinese). doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-0793
[35] 卢俊平, 崔志谋, 刘廷玺, 等. 内蒙古大河口水库水体重金属污染程度及健康风险评价 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 2021, 21(2): 858-866. doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2020.0054 LU J P, CUI Z M, LIU T X, et al. On the heavy metal contamination and the health risk assessment of Dahekou Reservoir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2021, 21(2): 858-866(in Chinese). doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2020.0054
[36] 曾光明, 钟政林, 曾北危. 环境风险评价中的不确定性问题 [J]. 中国环境科学, 1998, 18(3): 252-255. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.1998.03.015 ZENG G M, ZHONG Z L, ZENG B W. Research of the uncertainty in environmental risk assessment [J]. China Environmental Science, 1998, 18(3): 252-255(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.1998.03.015
[37] 王若师, 许秋瑾, 张娴, 等. 东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(9): 3083-3088. WANG R S, XU Q J, ZHANG X, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in typical township water sources in Dongjiang River Basin [J]. Environmental Science, 2012, 33(9): 3083-3088(in Chinese).
[38] 林曼利, 桂和荣, 彭位华, 等. 典型矿区深层地下水重金属含量特征及健康风险评价: 以皖北矿区为例 [J]. 地球学报, 2014, 35(5): 589-598. doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2014.05.09 LIN M L, GUI H R, PENG W H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in deep groundwater from different aquifers of a typical coal mining area: A case study of a coal mining area in northern Anhui Province [J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2014, 35(5): 589-598(in Chinese). doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2014.05.09
[39] 张光贵. 岳阳市地下水污染健康风险评价 [J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2013, 24(6): 206-210. doi: 10.11705/j.issn.1672-643X.2013.06.048 ZHANG G G. Health risk assessment of groundwater pollution in Yueyang [J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2013, 24(6): 206-210(in Chinese). doi: 10.11705/j.issn.1672-643X.2013.06.048