Characterization of phthalates in residential house dust and their transfer routes

QIAO Yaqi; HUANG Lihui

doi:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020020601

2020 Volume 39 Issue 6

Article Contents

Previous Article Next Article

QIAO Yaqi, HUANG Lihui. Characterization of phthalates in residential house dust and their transfer routes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, (6): 1523-1529. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020020601

Citation:

QIAO Yaqi, HUANG Lihui. Characterization of phthalates in residential house dust and their transfer routes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, (6): 1523-1529. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020020601

Characterization of phthalates in residential house dust and their transfer routes

QIAO Yaqi¹,
HUANG Lihui^1,2,3, ,

1. Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China;
3. Department of Building Technology and Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

Corresponding author: HUANG Lihui, huanglh@chd.edu.cn
Received Date: 06/02/2020

Fund Project: Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (21607015), the Science & Technology Support Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2016JQ2008) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (300102299101).

Abstract

House dust samples were collected in the living room and bedroom of forty residences in Beijing in both summer and winter. The concentrations of 7 phthalates in these samples were characterized. The results showed that the major phthalates in house dust were DIBP (39.6 ng·mg^-1, geometric mean concentration, thereafter), DBP (38.7 ng·mg^-1) and DEHP (418.5 ng·mg^-1). The concentrations of dust-borne DIBP, DBP and DEHP were positively associated with temperature, relative humidity and ventilation rate (P<0.005). Elevated temperature and improved ventilation could accelerate the source emission rates of phthalates, resulting in the accumulation of airborne phthalates, and ultimately increase the concentration of dust-borne phthalates through the air-mediated transfer; whereas higher humidity could expedite the mass transfer of phthalates from air to dust, leading to the higher concentration of dust-borne phthalates. Due to the combined effects of above factors, significantly higher concentrations of dust-borne phthalates were found in the summer (P<0.0001). The results also suggested that phthalates transport from source materials to house dust via two routes:air-mediated indirect transfer and direct transfer from source to dust on source surface. As a result, the concentrations of dust-borne phthalates were closely associated with surface material. The residence time of dust was also found to impact the concentrations of dust-borne phthalates. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the type of dust, collection location and surface material, so that accurate exposure assessment can be conducted using measurement data.
- phthalates,
- house dust,
- DEHP,
- DIBP,
- DBP

References

[1]	ABB M, HEINRICH T, SORKAU E, et al. Phthalates in house dust[J]. Environment International, 2009, 35(6):965-970. Google Scholar Pub Med
[2]	HEUDORF U, MERSCH-SUNDERMANN V, ANGERER J. Phthalates:Toxicology and exposure[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2007, 210(5):623-634. Google Scholar Pub Med
[3]	GUO Y, WU Q. Phthalate metabolites in urine China, and implications for human exposures[J]. Environment International, 2011, 37(5):893-898. Google Scholar Pub Med
[4]	GUO Y, KANNAN K. Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 45(8):3788-3794. Google Scholar Pub Med
[5]	王夫美,陈丽,焦姣,等. 住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价[J]. 中国环境科学,2012,32(5):780-786. WANG F M, CHEN L, JIAO J, et al. Pollution characteristics of phthalate esters derived from household dust and exposure assessment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012, 32(5):780-786(in Chinese). Google Scholar Pub Med
[6]	PEI X Q, GUO M, MO F F, et al. Concentration and risk assessment of phthalates present in indoor air from newly decorated apartments[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 68:17-23. Google Scholar Pub Med
[7]	LI H L, SONG W W, ZHANG Z F, et al. Phthalates in dormitory and dust of northern Chinese cities:Occurrence, human exposure, and risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 565:496-502. Google Scholar Pub Med
[8]	吕怡兵,付强,陈瑛. 环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的污染现状与监测方法[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(5):66-70. LV Y B, FU Q, CHEN Y. Environmental pollution status of phthalates and monitoring methods[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2007, 23(5):66-70(in Chinese). Google Scholar Pub Med
[9]	张文娟,王利军,王丽,等. 西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露[J]. 环境科学,2016,37(10):3758-3765. ZHANG W J, WANG L J, WANG L, et al. Distribution, source and exposure of phthalates in surface dust in Xi'an City[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(10):3758-3765(in Chinese). Google Scholar Pub Med
[10]	WORMUTH M, SCHERINGER M, VOLLENWEIDER M, et al. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans[J]. Risk Analysis, 2006, 26(3):803-824. Google Scholar Pub Med
[11]	BU Z M, ZHANG Y P, et al. Indoor phthalate concentration in residential apartments in Chongqing, China:Implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 127:34-45. Google Scholar Pub Med
[12]	LANGER S, WESCHLER C J, FISCHER A, et al. Phthalate and PAH concentrations in dust collected from Danish homes and daycare centers[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(19):2294-2301. Google Scholar Pub Med
[13]	FROMME H, LAHRZ T, PILOTY M, et al. Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany)[J]. Indoor Air, 2004, 14(3):188-195. Google Scholar Pub Med
[14]	BOMEHAG C G, LUNDGREN B, WESCHLER C J, et al. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005, 113(10):1399-1404. Google Scholar Pub Med
[15]	KOLARIK B, BORNEHAG C G, NAYDENOV K. The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(37):8553-8559. Google Scholar Pub Med
[16]	KOCH H M, ROSSBACH B, DREXLER H, et al. Internal exposure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates-determination of secondary and primary phthalate monoester metabolites in urine[J]. Environmental Research, 2003, 93(2):177-185. Google Scholar Pub Med
[17]	MERCIER F, GLORENNEC P, THOMAS O, et al. Organic contamination of settled house dust, a review for exposure assessment purposes[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 45(16):6716-6727. Google Scholar Pub Med
[18]	WESCHLER C J, SALTHAMMER T, FROMME H. Partitioning of phthalates among the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust in indoor environments[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(7):1449-1460. Google Scholar Pub Med
[19]	SUKIENE V, VON G N, GERECKE A C, et al. Direct and air-mediated transfer of labeled SVOCs from indoor sources to dust[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 51(6):3269-3277. Google Scholar Pub Med
[20]	HUANG L H, ZHAO W P, LI M. Determinants on ambient PM2.5 infiltration in non-heating season for urban residences in Beijing:Building characteristics, interior surface coverings and human behavior[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2015, 6(6):1046-1054. Google Scholar Pub Med
[21]	KASHYAP D, AGARWAL T. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust:A global scenario[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 635:817-827. Google Scholar Pub Med
[22]	WU W, ZHOU F, WANG Y, et al. Phthalate levels and related factors in children aged 6-12 years[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 220(B):990-996. Google Scholar Pub Med
[23]	WANG X, TAO W, XU Y, et al. Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 87:146-152. Google Scholar Pub Med
[24]	GASPAR F W, CASTORINA R, MADDALENA R L, et al. Phthalate exposure and risk assessment in California child care facilities[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 48(13):7593-7601. Google Scholar Pub Med
[25]	KIM H H, YANG J Y, KIM S D, et al. Health risks assessment in children for phthalate exposure associated with childcare facilities and indoor playgrounds[J]. Environmental Health and Toxicology, 2011, 26:1-9. Google Scholar Pub Med
[26]	BLANCHARD O, GLORENNEC P, MERCIER F, et al. Semi volatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 48(7):3959-3969. Google Scholar Pub Med
[27]	董夫银,闫杰. 欧盟及美国禁用邻苯二甲酸酯的法规及其出台始末[J].检验检疫科学,2006,15(3):78-80. DONG F Y, YAN J. The European Union and the United States to ban phthalates and its legislation[J]. Inspection and Quarantine Science, 2006, 15(3):78-80(in Chinese). Google Scholar Pub Med
[28]	李亚华,鲁建江,尹晓文,等. 石河子市采暖季和非采暖季住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及婴幼儿健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学学报,2019,39(9):3154-3162. LI Y H, LU J J, YIN X W, et al. Pollution characteristics of phthalates in residences during heating and non-heating seasons and health risk assessment to infants and children in Shihezi[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(9):3154-3162(in Chinese). Google Scholar Pub Med
[29]	FUJII M, SHINOHARA A, LI M, et al. A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(39-40):5495-5504. Google Scholar Pub Med
[30]	CLAUSEN P A, LIU Z, SORENSEN V K, et al. Influence of temperature on the emission of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46(2):909-915. Google Scholar Pub Med
[31]	CLAUSEN P A, XU Y, SORENSEN V K, et al. The influence of humidity on the emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell "FLEC"[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(15):3217-3224. Google Scholar Pub Med
[32]	ODUM J R, YU J, KAMENS R M. Modeling the mass transfer of semi volatile organics in combustion aerosols[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1994, 28(13):2278-2285. Google Scholar Pub Med
[33]	JANG M, KAMENS R M. A thermodynamic approach for modeling partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds on atmospheric particulate matter:Humidity effects[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32(9):1237-1243. Google Scholar Pub Med
[34]	XU Y, CONHEN HUBAL E, CLAUSEN P, et al. Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticizer emitted from vinyl flooring:A mechanistic analysis[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2009, 43(7):2374-2380. Google Scholar Pub Med
[35]	LIU C, ZHANG Y, BENNING J L, et al. The effect of ventilation on indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds[J]. Indoor Air, 2015, 25(3):285-296. Google Scholar Pub Med
[36]	CLAUSEN P A, LIU Z, XU Y, et al. Influence of air flow rate on emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell FLEC:Measurements and CFD simulation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(13):2760-2766. Google Scholar Pub Med
[37]	DODSON R E, CAMANN D E, MORELLO-FROSCH R, et al. Semi-volatile organic compounds in homes:Strategies for efficient and systematic exposure measurement based on empirical and theoretical factors[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 49(1):113-122. Google Scholar Pub Med

Access History

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Export Citation

PDF

XML

Article Metrics

Article views(2458) PDF downloads(37) Cited by(0)

Characterization of phthalates in residential house dust and their transfer routes

Abstract

References

Access History

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics

Access History