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CAI Rui, WANG Wenji, XU Hang, JI Rong. Degradation, transformation, and residue formation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil: A review[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021, (1): 102-110. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020021001
Citation: CAI Rui, WANG Wenji, XU Hang, JI Rong. Degradation, transformation, and residue formation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil: A review[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021, (1): 102-110. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020021001
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Degradation, transformation, and residue formation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil: A review

  • State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

  • Corresponding author: JI Rong, ji@nju.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 10/02/2020
    Fund Project: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861133003, 21477052) and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (2019-XZ-24).
  • Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most preferred brominated flame retardant worldwide, used widely in the production of electronic appliances and plastics. Soil is one of the main sinks of contaminants, and the environmental processes and fate of TBBPA in soil are essential to the environmental risk of TBBPA. Here we reviewed the degradation, mineralization, metabolism, and non-extractable residues (NERs)-formation of TBBPA in soil under various redox conditions (anoxic incubation, sequential anoxic-oxic incubation, and oxic incubation) and in the presence of plants (reed and rice) and earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida). In anoxic soil, TBBPA was reductively debrominated to end product bisphenol A, which was not degraded in soil under further incubation, while in oxic soil, TBBPA was transformed to various metabolites via O-methylation, ipso-hydroxylation, and oxidative skeletal cleavage. The presence of plants and earthworms changed the fate of TBBPA, increased the mineralization and the formation of persistent O-methylation metabolites, and decreased formation of NERs. TBBPA and its metabolites could form NERs with soil organic matter via ester- and ether-linkages. When soil redox conditions were changed, TBBPA and its metabolites could be released from the NERs, while amendment of rice root exudates did not have significant effect on the NERs release. Further studies are needed on microbiology of TBBPA transformation in soil, contributions of physico-chemical entrapment, covalent bondings, and biological assimilation to NER formation, transformation of TBBPA in organisms, especially in the body of plants and soil animals, and soil stability and biological effects of NERs that are formed in soil and organisms, to provide data for comprehensive assessment on environmental risks of TBBPA.
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Degradation, transformation, and residue formation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil: A review

  • Received Date: 10/02/2020
Fund Project: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861133003, 21477052) and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (2019-XZ-24).

Abstract: Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most preferred brominated flame retardant worldwide, used widely in the production of electronic appliances and plastics. Soil is one of the main sinks of contaminants, and the environmental processes and fate of TBBPA in soil are essential to the environmental risk of TBBPA. Here we reviewed the degradation, mineralization, metabolism, and non-extractable residues (NERs)-formation of TBBPA in soil under various redox conditions (anoxic incubation, sequential anoxic-oxic incubation, and oxic incubation) and in the presence of plants (reed and rice) and earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida). In anoxic soil, TBBPA was reductively debrominated to end product bisphenol A, which was not degraded in soil under further incubation, while in oxic soil, TBBPA was transformed to various metabolites via O-methylation, ipso-hydroxylation, and oxidative skeletal cleavage. The presence of plants and earthworms changed the fate of TBBPA, increased the mineralization and the formation of persistent O-methylation metabolites, and decreased formation of NERs. TBBPA and its metabolites could form NERs with soil organic matter via ester- and ether-linkages. When soil redox conditions were changed, TBBPA and its metabolites could be released from the NERs, while amendment of rice root exudates did not have significant effect on the NERs release. Further studies are needed on microbiology of TBBPA transformation in soil, contributions of physico-chemical entrapment, covalent bondings, and biological assimilation to NER formation, transformation of TBBPA in organisms, especially in the body of plants and soil animals, and soil stability and biological effects of NERs that are formed in soil and organisms, to provide data for comprehensive assessment on environmental risks of TBBPA.

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