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随着我国生活污水的处理量和处理效率的不断提升,污水处理厂产生的污泥量剧增。截至2020年,全国干污泥产生量高达1.16×107 t[1]。污泥既是“污染物”,也是“资源”,如处理不当,将造成二次污染和资源浪费。污泥中有机物组分复杂,主要含有蛋白质、多糖、脂肪以及纤维素等,其中,蛋白质组分占污泥有机物的40%~60%[2],污泥中的溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)是微生物利用的直接碳源,DOM的组成特性与污泥脱水以及厌氧消化产酸(产酸细菌的直接底物)、产甲烷密切相关[3]。污泥中的复杂有机物(特别是不溶性有机物)主要存在于微生物细胞及其胞外聚合物中,其生物可利用性低,因其表面官能团束缚水分子,导致污泥厌氧消化和脱水等过程处理效率低。
污泥预处理是促进污泥胞内有机物释放和胞外聚合物破解的主要方式[4]。如高温热水解预处理[5]、微波预处理[6]等对污泥的溶胞破壁作用明显,预处理后可显著提升溶解性有机物浓度,进而提升污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量。但是,污泥预处理过程所释放的溶解性有机物也可能发生进一步转化反应,如美拉德反应[5,7],从而导致大量难降解大分子有机物的生成(超过100 kDa)。这些难降解溶解性有机物难以被微生物降解利用,对后续污泥厌氧消化[5]及其脱水滤液的处理会带来不利影响。因此,进一步明确污泥在预处理过程中除溶解性有机物释放外的进一步转化反应,探求一种基于污泥中有机物转化定向调控的预处理方式对解决污泥处理处置难题至关重要。近年来,硫酸根自由基由于其具有强氧化性,且过硫酸盐(peroxodisulfate,PDS)适用范围广和易于储存等优点,使得基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术受到关注[8-9]。有研究表明,Fe活化过硫酸盐能有效提升污泥的脱水性能[10],并且对污泥发酵产酸[11]有促进作用。此外,过硫酸盐在Fe(Ⅱ)和碳质材料的不同活化作用下具有不同的氧化途径[10,12]。其中,Fe(Ⅱ)通过均相方式活化过硫酸盐产生硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基等自由基,而碳质材料通过非均相活化包括自由基和非自由基两种氧化途径[13]。此外,硫酸根自由基对有机物的氧化作用具有一定靶向性,可对具有不饱和键和芳香族结构的有机物进行选择性矿化[14-15],破坏荧光类官能团(例如芳香族蛋白质、色氨酸类蛋白质物质等)[10],对羧基、芳香类有机物[16](酚羟基)、含氮基团和烯烃[16]等都有较强的作用,而这类有机物组分及其官能团结构与污泥的可生物降解性、脱水性能、厌氧消化直接相关[17]。有研究表明,在厌氧消化过程中,蛋白质物质优先被降解,其次是含羧基和芳香性的物质[3]。其中,色氨酸和络氨酸类蛋白质是脂肪酸生成的重要底物[3,18]。
利用活化过硫酸盐的多种途径和对有机物氧化作用的选择性,将实现污泥中溶解性有机物释放后的进一步氧化反应,避免热处理中大分子、难降解有机物的形成。同时,也有助于深入认识污泥中释放的溶解性有机物的官能团特性。然而,以铁、炭及其组合作用下活化过硫酸盐对污泥预处理过程有机物的释放特征及选择性作用仍缺乏认识,尚不清楚铁和炭对过硫酸盐在不同的活化途径下,污泥溶解性有机物释放特性和组分降解的差异。为此,本研究利用氯化亚铁Fe(Ⅱ)和椰壳活性炭(Activated Carbon,AC)活化过硫酸盐预处理剩余污泥,研究Fe(Ⅱ)和活性炭活化过硫酸盐不同方式下,对污泥溶解性有机物释放特征的影响,以及对污泥溶解性有机物组分的选择性作用。
铁(II)-炭活化过硫酸盐对剩余污泥中溶解性有机物释放的影响
Influence on DOM release from sewage sludge by Fe(II)-AC activating persulfate
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摘要: 通过预处理调控污泥溶解性有机物(DOM)的释放及其组分特性,对提升污泥后续厌氧消化、脱水等处理效率至关重要。为此,以Fe(Ⅱ)和活性炭活化过硫酸盐(PDS)预处理污泥,研究了不同活化PDS氧化路径下污泥DOM的释放特性及组分变化特征。结果表明,Fe(II)活化在PDS投加量为2.7 mmol∙g−1时,TOC释放增量降低到10 mg∙L−1;Fe(Ⅱ)+AC活化在PDS投加量为1.6 mmol∙g−1时,TOC的释放增量降低至10 mg∙L−1;而在活性炭活化下,TOC的释放量随PDS投加量的增加呈线性增加。在活性炭活化下,污泥DOM的释放较缓慢但稳定,而在Fe(Ⅱ)活化下DOM释放速率快;同时,被活化的过硫酸盐很容易对DOM中具有荧光基团的蛋白质类物质和芳香类物质氧化分解,但糖类有机物不被氧化。通过Fe(Ⅱ)和活性炭的组合和对投加量的控制,可以选择性地调控污泥中溶解性有机物的释放速率和有机组成。本研究结果可为强化污泥厌氧消化和污泥深度脱水而选择性地调控污泥预处理过程提供参考。Abstract: Control of the release and components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sludge by pretreatment is important to improve the efficiency of subsequent anaerobic digestion and sludge dewatering. Therefore, Fe(Ⅱ) and activated carbon (AC) activating persulfate (PDS) were used to pretreat sludge, thus to investigate the release and changes of organic components of DOM from sludge under different PDS oxidation pathways. Results showed that when the dosage of PDS in Fe(Ⅱ) activation was 2.7 mmol∙g−1, the increment of TOC release decreased to 10 mg∙L−1. While the activated carbon activation increased the TOC release linearly with the increase of the PDS dosage. The release of DOM from sludge under AC activation was slow but stable, and the release rate of DOM under Fe(Ⅱ) activation was very fast. In the meantime, protein and aromatic substances within fluorescent groups in DOM were easily oxidized and decomposed by the activated persulfate, but carbohydrates could not be oxidized. Therefore, through the combination of Fe(Ⅱ) and AC and its dosage, the release rate and organic composition of DOM from sludge could be selectively adjusted. The results of this study can provide a reference for selectively regulating the sludge pretreatment process for strengthening anaerobic digestion and deep dewatering of sludge.
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Key words:
- persulfate /
- sludge pretreatment /
- dissolved organic matter /
- advanced oxidation /
- Fe(Ⅱ)-AC
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表 1 剩余污泥的基本特性
Table 1. Basic characteristics of excess sludge
pH 电导率/(μS∙cm−1) TCOD/
( mg∙L−1)SCOD/
( mg∙L−1)TOC/
( mg∙L−1)TSS/
(g∙L−1)VSS/
(g∙L−1)TS/% VS/% 含水率/% 6.93 1,002 544 49 29 30.22±0.1 20.3±0.1 3.14±0.03 2.09±0.02 96.86±0.03 表 2 活性炭的孔径特征
Table 2. Pore size characteristics of activated carbon
BET比表
面积/(m2∙g−1)微孔内比表
面积/(m2∙g−1)外比表面
积/(m2∙g−1)总孔容/
(cm3∙g−1)微孔孔容/
(cm3∙g−1)平均孔径/nm 1 438.82 790.49 647.33 0.73 0.32 2.70 表 3 实验设计
Table 3. Design of experiments
实验组 污泥 PDS投加量/
(mmol∙g−1)AC投加量/
(g∙L−1)Fe(Ⅱ)投加量/
( mmol∙g−1)A 原泥 0 0 0 B 原泥 2 10.97 0.6 C 原泥 2 10.97 0.9 D 原泥 2 10.97 1.2 E 原泥 2 10.97 1.5 F 原泥 2 10.97 1.8 G 原泥 2 10.97 2.1 表 4 Fe(Ⅱ)-炭活化PDS预处理污泥TOC质量浓度(CTOC)与PDS投加量(x)关系
Table 4. Relationship between TOC mass concentration (CTOC) of Fe(Ⅱ)-carbon activated PDS pretreatment sludge and PDS dosage (x)
实验组 拟合方程 R2 PDS CTOC = 33.3+126.29×(1-exp(-(x -0.04)/1.43)) 0.981 Fe(II)活化PDS CTOC = 39.4+126.29×(1-exp(-(x -0.04)/1.31)) 0.988 AC活化PDS CTOC = 38.25+95.33x 0.994 Fe(II)+AC
活化PDSCTOC = 40.3+128.67×(1-exp(-(x +0.02)/0.69)) 0.999 -
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