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随着城市化的快速发展,污废水的排放量也在逐渐增加。但污废水处理后存在总氮和氨氮指标仍无法满足《污水综合排放标准:GB 20426—2006》排放标准的现象,导致湖泊呈现水体富营养化[1-3]。因此传统的脱氮技术已经不能满足当前人们生产生活的需要。20世纪70年代,BRODA[4]根据化学热力学理论预言了厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, Anammox)存在的可能。1995年MULDER et al[5]在流化床生物脱氮反应器中首次发现了厌氧氨氧化现象的存在。厌氧氨氧化细菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AnAOB)的发现及其技术的发展,促进了短程硝化技术的发展并对污水中氨氮和总氮的处理提供了另一种可能[6]。
AnAOB最适生长的温度为30~35 ℃[7-8],然而国内大部分北方地区的冬季气温远低于该温度范围。因此研究低温条件下厌氧氨氧化技术具有重要意义。本研究就近年来国内外报道的低温条件下厌氧氨氧化技术的研究展开系统性的论述。
低温条件下厌氧氨氧化技术的研究进展
A review of anaerobic ammonia oxidation technology at low temperature
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摘要: 厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, Anammox)技术作为可以实现高效脱氮的一种工艺,近些年广受大家关注。作为废水处理的升级技术,厌氧氨氧化细菌(anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AnAOB)是厌氧氨氧化技术的核心菌种,其生长的最适温度(30 ~ 35 ℃)远高于我国大部分污水处理厂的运行水温,无法满足大规模的投入使用。为了使厌氧氨氧化技术得到广泛应用,文章对低温条件下厌氧氨氧化工艺的进展,无机物及有机物等对厌氧氨氧化细菌的影响以及厌氧氨氧化反应器的应用进展进行系统的论述;重点提出了通过优化厌氧氨氧化反应器、改变启动条件、投加有机物或无机物,从而缩短在低温条件下反应器的启动时间以及强化AnAOB的富集。以期为低温下高氨氮废水的工程处理提供技术参考。Abstract: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox), a high-efficiency technology for nitrogen removal, is favored in recent years. Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) is the core bacteria in the anammox technology. Its optimal temperature (30 ~ 35 ℃) is much higher than the operating temperature of most wastewater treatment plants in China. It is impossible to achieve the large-scale use. In order that the anammox technology can be widely used, this paper systematically discussed the progress of anammox process at low temperature, the influence of inorganic and organic substances on anammox bacteria, and the application progress of anammox reactor. It was emphasized that by optimizing the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, changing the start-up conditions and adding organic or inorganic substances, the start-up time of the reactor under low temperature conditions could be shortened and the enrichment of AnAOB could be strengthened. It is expected to provide a technical reference for the engineering treatment of high ammonia nitrogen wastewater at a low temperature.
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表 1 部分AnAOB的最适温度及pH
种类 最适温
度/℃最适pH 参考
文献Candidatus Brocadiaan ammoxidans 20~43 6.7~8.3 [36] Candidatus Brocadia fulgida 30 7.8 Candidatus Brocadia sinica 25~45 6.5~8.8 Candidatus Jettenia caeni 20~42.5 6.5~8.5 [37] Candidatus Jettenia moscovienalis 20~45 8 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis 25~37 6.5~9.0 [38] Candidatus Scalindua sp. 10~30 6.0~8.5 [39] Candidatus Anammoximicrobium moscowii 15~25 7.8~8.3 [40] 表 2 厌氧氨氧化活化能对比
温度范
围/℃活化能/ kJ·mol−1 污泥种类 参考文献 6~28 93~94 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥 [53] 28~37 33 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥 [53] 20~43 70 Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans [12] 10~40 63 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis [10] 6.5~37 61 海洋沉积物 [54] 10~25 76 海洋沉积物 [55] 5~17 66 Candidatus Brocadia fulgida [56] 10~20 152.9 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis [50] 20~33 9.4 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis [50] -
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