天然有机质对TiO2纳米颗粒与PCB-77藻类毒性影响及致毒机理
Effect and Mechanism of Natural Organic Matter on Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles and PCB-77 to Algae
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摘要: 为探究天然有机质（natural organic matter，NOM）对纳米二氧化钛（TiO2）与3，3'，4，4'-四氯联苯（3，3'，4，4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl，PCB-77）藻类毒性影响及致毒机理，以小球藻为实验受试生物，测定了纳米TiO2与PCB-77单独及复合暴露在NOM存在与不存在条件下对小球藻生长、细胞形态、活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）和丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase，CAT）活性的影响。结果表明，所有暴露组均对小球藻的生长有一定的抑制作用。团聚沉降实验结果说明，纳米TiO2在水环境中易团聚，PCB-77和NOM通过影响纳米TiO2团聚进而影响小球藻的生长，这些团聚体附着在藻细胞表面，导致细胞间相互遮蔽，影响藻细胞光合作用和细胞呼吸，进而影响藻细胞生长，与实时定量PCR检测基因的结果一致。用透射电子显微镜（transmission electron microscope，TEM）观察发现，纳米TiO2单独暴露与PCB-77复合暴露在NOM存在与不存在条件下，藻细胞周围附着纳米TiO2，有一部分进入藻细胞内部，使细胞膜破损、质壁分离、细胞器结构不清晰以及出现电子致密体和空泡结构，小球藻细胞形态遭到损坏，这是直接接触造成的物理损伤。通过测定藻细胞内ROS和MDA含量可知，暴露在纳米TiO2中产生ROS含量最高，所受的氧化损伤最大，氧化胁迫是纳米TiO2致毒机理之一。因此，NOM对纳米TiO2与PCB-77藻类致毒机理的影响归纳为吸附团聚作用所造成的遮蔽效应、直接接触的物理损伤和产生大量ROS造成的氧化损伤。Abstract: In order to explore the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on algae toxicity induced by nano-TiO2 and PCB-77 and its toxic mechanism, Chlorella vulgaris was used as the experimental organism. The effects of both presence and absence of NOM on the growth, cell morphology, contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) of Chlorella vulgaris were determined. The results showed that the growth of Chlorella vulgaris was inhibited in all exposure groups. The agglomeration and sedimentation experiments showed that nano-TiO2 was easy to agglomerate in water environment. PCB-77 and NOM affected the growth of Chlorella vulgaris by affecting the agglomeration of nano-TiO2. These aggregates attachment to the surface of algae cells, resulting in mutual shielding between cells, which affecting the photosynthesis and cell respiration of algae cells, and eventually the growth of algae cells. This was therefore consistent with the results of real-time quantitative PCR. Transmission electron microscope observation showed that when nano-TiO2 and PCB-77 were exposed alone or in combination with NOM, nano-TiO2 adhered around the algal cells, some of which entered into the algal cells, causing cell membrane damage and plasmolysis, unclear organelle structure, electron dense body and vacuole structure, and thus damaged morphology of Chlorella vulgaris cells. All of which were the physical damages caused by direct contact. By measuring the content of ROS and MDA in algae cells, it can be seen that the exposure of the nano-TiO2 lead to the highest content of ROS and the severest damage of the cells. Oxidative stress is one of the toxic mechanisms of nano-TiO2. Therefore, the toxic mechanism of nano-TiO2 and PCB-77 on algae with NOM can be summarized as follows:shielding effect caused by adsorption agglomeration, physical damage caused by direct contact and oxidation damage caused by excessive amount of ROS.
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Key words:
- nano-TiO2 /
- natural organic matter /
- PCB-77 /
- Chlorella /
- toxic effects /
- toxic mechanism
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