环境-生物系统中HBCDs非对映异构体的迁移转化规律
Migration and Transformation Rules of HBCDs Diastereomers in Environment-biological Systems
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摘要: 研究表明，环境中六溴环十二烷（hexabromocyclododecanes，HBCDs）无处不在，HBCDs的3种主要非对映异构体（α-HBCD、β-HBCD和γ-HBCD）都能不同程度向环境中的生物体迁移，对生物体产生毒害作用。本文选择土壤-生物和水-生物2个典型系统，从室内模拟和开放环境2种研究方式为切入点，追踪了近20年来，HBCDs非对映异构体的迁移转化的相关研究及进展。这些研究结果包括：（1）在模拟环境-生物系统实验中，环境中HBCDs的3种非对映异构体都发生向生物体迁移和富集现象。对于植物主要通过根茎吸收、迁移和富集，并主要通过作用细胞色素酶对植物产生抑制生长等毒性；（2）相同的水-生物模拟系统中，3种非对映异构体初始暴露浓度的差异，会造成不同的异构体选择性富集现象；（3）在开放的环境-生物系统中，HBCDs在环境和生物体中优势非对映异构体不尽相同，但土壤（沉积物）和水中的优势异构体分别以γ-HBCD和α-HBCD为主；（4）生物对环境中的HBCDs富集作用存在差异性，而HBCDs在生物体内存在异构体转化及手性对映体选择现象。鉴于环境-生物系统中HBCDs异构体转化和选择性富集等机理尚不清楚，我们认为未来需要深入开展以下研究。第一，摸清不同环境中，影响生物体中HBCDs迁移转化的主要因素，并揭示机理；第二，生物体生命周期内，优势异构体的演变及其对生物体毒性的影响；第三，加快开展复杂的水-土-生物三相系统中，HBCDs非对映异构体分布特征及富集特性研究；特别是HBCDs在各相中的迁移规律、分布特征及差异性。第四，开展生物体内HBCDs的3种非对映异构体转化和手性对映选择性机理研究。Abstract: Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are ubiquitous in the natural environment, and their three main diastereomers (α-HBCD, β-HBCD and γ-HBCD) can be transferred to the natural environment with toxic effects on organisms. This paper reviewed the past two decades of studies on the migration and transformation of HBCDs diastereomers in two typical systems, soil-biological and water-biological, in both indoor simulated and open environments. These findings include:(1) All three diastereomers of HBCDs in the environment can be migrated and accumulated to the organisms in the simulated environment-biological systems. For plants, it is mainly absorbed, migrated, and enriched by rhizomes, and mainly through the action of cytochrome enzymes to produce toxicity to plants such as growth inhibition; (2) The difference in the initial exposure concentration of three diastereomers will cause different isomer-selective enrichment in the same water-biological simulation systems; (3) In an open environment-biological systems, the dominant diastereomers of HBCDs in the environment and organisms are not the same, but the dominant isomers in soil (sediment) and water are γ-HBCD and α-HBCD, respectively; (4) There are differences in the enrichment of HBCDs in the environment by organisms, and HBCDs have isomer transformation and chiral enantiomer selection in organisms. Given that the mechanisms of isoform conversion and selective enrichment of HBCDs in environmental-biological systems are still unclear, we believe that further studies is needed as following:(1) The main factors and mechanism that affecting the migration and transformation of HBCDs need to be elucidated in organisms in different environments; (2) It need be studied that the evolution of dominant isomers in the life cycle of organisms and their effects on the toxicity of organisms; (3) Researches on the distribution and enrichment characteristics of HBCDs diastereomers in the water-soil-biological three-phase system need be completed, especially the migration rules, distribution characteristics and differences of HBCDs in each phase; (4) Mechanism of HBCDs diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation and biotransformation need to be investigated.
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