-
大气颗粒物组分复杂,是影响环境空气质量、人体健康等的重要因素[1-3]。PM2.5是颗粒物的重要组成部分[4-5],主要由碳组分[6]、水溶性离子[7]、无机元素[8]等组成。碳组分作为PM2.5中首要组分,含量占PM2.5质量浓度的20%—80%[9-10],主要含碳组分为有机碳(organic carbon, OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon, EC)。有机碳可分为一次源直接排放的一次有机碳和部分经光化学反应生成的二次有机碳(SOC)[11],其中携带的多环芳烃等有毒物质,威胁人体健康[12]。元素碳具有较强的吸附性,常作为污染物转化的反应介质和触媒。有机碳的散射性、元素碳的吸收性,二者相互作用,影响大气能见度和辐射平衡[13-14]。
细颗粒物的污染机理存在着时空差异,因此需要开展多季节、多维度的研究[15]。目前,国内外学者对京津冀[16-17]、中国北方等城市[18-19]大气颗粒物成分及污染特征开展了大量的研究,但对于以盆地为主、地理气象条件复杂的西南成渝地区研究较少,尤其是成都平原地区。成都市作为特大中心城市,占四川省约3%的土地面积,承载了全省20%常住人口、36%GDP和30%机动车,大气污染物排放问题十分突出[20]。为打赢2020年蓝天保卫战,成都市从产业结构、能源结构、城市布局和机动车污染防治[21]等方面入手解决大气污染问题,环境空气质量得到显著提高。2019年,成都全年优良天数创下287 d的历史新高,但仍启动了7次污染天气预警,PM2.5年均质量浓度距国家二级标准(35 μg·m−3)仍有一定的差距。
本研究通过在线测定成都市2019年颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)质量浓度和PM2.5中OC、EC质量浓度,分析颗粒物、OC、EC及碳组分质量浓度的变化规律,获得成都市颗粒物及PM2.5中OC、EC的污染特征,解析碳组分的潜在污染来源,可为成都市PM2.5碳组分综合治理提供科学依据。
成都市主城区PM2.5碳组分污染特征分析
Pollution characteristics of carbonaceous components in PM2.5 in the Chengdu City
-
摘要:
为研究成都市2019年颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)中碳组分的污染特征及潜在来源,采用BAM-1020、Sunset OCEC分析仪分别对成都市大气颗粒物和细颗粒物中碳组分开展了为期一年的在线观测,并利用因子分析对碳组分潜在来源进行解析。研究结果表明,2019年成都市ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1)年均值分别为75.93、47.57、25.98 μg·m−3,较2015年分别下降了30%、26%、50%,改善明显。PM2.5中ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)年均值分别为9.29、2.68 μg·m−3,PM2.5中占比分别为20%、6%,处于较低水平。采用Cabada改进方法,计算出ρ(SOC)春、夏、秋、冬四季均值分别为3.0、1.3、2.5、4.7 μg·m−3,季节分布明显,冬季高于其它季节。在不同空气质量等级下,质量浓度最高的碳组分均为OC4和OC2,两者质量浓度随污染等级的加重而增加。OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5比值均随污染等级加重而小幅下降,说明OC和EC并不是污染天气的控制因子。成都市冬季一次污染过程中ρ(PM2.5)最大值达到138.5 μg·m−3,ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)均值分别为19.4、6.5 μg·m−3,与非污染天气相比较,ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)均增加了1.2倍。来源解析结果表明2019年成都市碳组分主要来源于生物质燃烧、燃煤、机动车尾气排放、道路扬尘类源。
Abstract:To investigate the pollution characteristics and potential pollution sources of carbon components in atmospheric particles including PM10, PM2.5, PM1 in Chengdu, BAM-1020 and Sunset OCEC analyzer were used to analyze the variation of carbon components in atmospheric particles during 2019, and the factor analysis was applied to explore potential sources. The results demonstrated: (1) The annual average value of ρ(PM10), ρ(PM2.5), ρ(PM1) were 75.93, 47.57 and 25.98 μg·m−3. Compared with that in 2015, it has decreased by 30%, 26% and 50%, respectively, which showed the pollution of atmospheric particulates has improved significantly. (2) The annual average value of ρ(OC), ρ(EC) in PM2.5 were 9.29 μg·m−3 and 2.68 μg·m−3, accounting for 20%, 6%, respectively, at a low level. Based on the Cabada modified method, the calculation results of ρ(SOC) in four seasons were 3.0, 1.3, 2.5 ,4.7 μg·m−3.The seasonal distribution characteristics of carbon component and SOC were significant, and they were higher in winter than in other seasons. (3) The average mass concentrations of OC4, OC2 were the highest among the carbon components in the different air quality rating, and their mass concentrations increased with the aggravation of pollution grade. However, as the increase of pollution level, the ratio of OC/PM2.5 and EC/PM2.5 both showed a slight downward trend, suggesting that OC and EC were not the control factors for pollution weather. With analyzing the typical pollution process, it was found that the maximum value of ρ(PM2.5) was up to 138.5 μg·m−3, and the ρ(OC) and ρ(EC) were 19.4 μg·m−3 and 6.5 μg·m−3, respectively, which increased 1.2 times than that in un-pollution days. (4) Four major sources , apportioned by factor analysis, were biomass combustion, coal combustion, vehicle exhaust emissions, road dust.
-
Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- organic carbon /
- element carbon /
- seasonal characteristics /
- source apportionment /
- Chengdu
-
表 1 国内外城市环境空气PM2.5 中OC、EC质量浓度对比
Table 1. The concentration of OC and EC in PM2.5 at home and abroad
地区 Region OC/(μg·m−3) EC/(μg·m−3) OC/% EC/% OC/EC 西安[33](2017) 17.56±11.83 4.08±2.95 31 7 4.3 长春[34](2017) 21.7 1.85 — — 11.7 北京[35](2015—2016) 13.49±4.32 5.41±1.83 13.13 5.2 2.5 重庆[36](2014—2015) 12.37 3.65 16.2 4.8 3.4 伊朗德黑兰[37](2014—2015) 7.8±3.5 3.6±1.5 20 9 2.2 临安(长三角大气环境背景点)[38](2015) 21.93±11.69 6±3.6 17.7 4.9 3.6 成都[39](2013—2014) 13.0±7.5 4.7±3.6 — — 2.76 本研究 9.29 2.68 20 6 3.44 表 2 成都市OC1-EC5质量浓度季节变化(μg·m−3)
Table 2. Seasonal variation of mass concentration of OC and EC components in Chengdu(μg·m−3)
季节 Season OC1 OC2 OC3 OC4 EC1 EC2 EC3 EC4 EC5 春季 2.18 2.36 1.52 2.91 0.22 0.13 0.35 0.51 0.27 夏季 1.80 2.22 1.32 2.03 0.18 0.09 0.18 0.37 0.20 秋季 1.96 2.49 1.46 2.56 0.21 0.14 0.27 0.40 0.22 冬季 2.97 3.68 2.57 5.91 0.31 0.24 0.50 0.42 0.20 年均值 2.23 2.69 1.72 3.35 0.23 0.15 0.33 0.42 0.22 表 3 不同污染等级下的碳组分构成(μg·m−3)
Table 3. Composition of carbon components under different pollution levels(μg·m−3)
空气质量等级 Level PM2.5 OC1 OC2 OC3 OC4 EC1 EC2 EC3 EC4 EC5 OC EC 优 25.05 1.35 1.82 1.02 1.49 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.28 0.18 5.68 0.85 良 50.40 2.44 2.86 1.83 3.48 0.24 0.16 0.35 0.48 0.24 10.61 1.47 轻度污染 88.12 3.70 4.24 2.97 6.95 0.37 0.26 0.60 0.57 0.24 17.85 2.03 中度污染 129.13 4.56 5.12 3.59 10.05 0.51 0.50 0.80 0.61 0.24 23.33 2.65 表 4 不同污染等级下的碳组分变化特征
Table 4. Change characteristics of carbon components under different pollution levels
空气质量等级 Level OC2/OC OC4/OC EC3/EC OC/PM2.5 EC/PM2.5 优 0.32 0.26 0.18 0.23 0.03 良 0.27 0.33 0.24 0.21 0.03 轻度污染 0.24 0.39 0.29 0.20 0.02 中度污染 0.22 0.43 0.30 0.18 0.02 注:OC=OC1+OC2+OC3+OC4; EC=EC1+EC2+EC3+EC4+EC5. 表 5 2019年成都市碳组分因子分析结果
Table 5. Factor analysis for carbon component from Chengdu city during 2019
组分 Component 因子1 Factor 1 因子2 Factor 2 因子3 Factor 3 OC1 0.84 0.40 0.20 OC2 0.94 0.25 0.07 OC3 0.90 0.35 0.21 OC4 0.84 0.49 0.09 EC1 0.64 0.67 0.07 EC2 0.51 0.82 0.11 EC3 0.41 0.75 0.44 EC4 0.25 0.34 0.86 EC5 0.02 0.00 0.96 特征值 4.00 2.37 1.97 方差贡献率/% 44.49 26.35 21.89 累计方差贡献率/% 44.49 70.84 92.73 -
[1] LIU F, TAN Q, JIANG X, et al. Effects of relative humidity and PM2.5 chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Chengdu, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 86: 15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.004 [2] ZHAO L, WANG L, TAN J, et al. Changes of chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 during 2013—2017 in Urban Handan, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 206: 119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.034 [3] 曾贤刚, 阮芳芳, 彭彦彦. 基于空间网格尺度的中国PM2.5污染健康效应空间分布 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(6): 2624-2632. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.06.046 ZENG X G, RUAN F G, PENG Y Y, et al. Health effects’ spatial distribution analysis of PM2.5 pollutions in China based on spatial grid scale [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(6): 2624-2632(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.06.046
[4] XUE H, LIU G, ZHANG H, et al. Similarities and differences in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, chemical compositions and sources in Hefei city, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 220: 760-765. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.123 [5] XIE Y, LIU Z, WEN T, et al. Characteristics of chemical composition and seasonal variations of PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang, China: Impact of primary emissions and secondary formation [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 677: 215-229. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.300 [6] GOLLY B, WAKED A, WEBER S, et al. Organic markers and OC source apportionment for seasonal variations of PM2.5 at 5 rural sites in France [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 198: 142-157. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.027 [7] XU W, LIU X, LIU L, et al. Impact of emission controls on air quality in Beijing during APEC 2014: Implications from water-soluble ions and carbonaceous aerosol in PM2.5 and their precursors [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 210: 241-252. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.050 [8] TURAP Y, TALIFU D, WANG X, et al. Temporal distribution and source apportionment of PM2.5 chemical composition in Xinjiang, NW-China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2019, 218: 257-268. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.12.010 [9] DAN M, ZHUANG G S, LI X X, et al. The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2.5 in Beijing [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(21): 3443-3452. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052 [10] HUANG H, ZOU C, CAO J J, et al. Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics in outdoor and indoor environments of Nanchang, China, during summer 2009 [J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2011, 61(11): 1262-1272. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2011.604545 [11] WANG P, CAO J J, SHEN Z X, et al. Carbonaceous species in PM2.5 and PM10 in urban area of Zhengzhou in China seasonal variations and source apportionment [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2017, 191(7): 1-11. [12] 段凤魁, 贺克斌, 刘咸德, 等. 含碳气溶胶研究进展:有机碳和元素碳 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2007, 1(8): 1-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2007.08.001 DUAN F K, HE K B, LIU X D, et al. Review of carbonaceous aerosol studies: Organic carbon and elemental carbon [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2007, 1(8): 1-8(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2007.08.001
[13] 谭吉华, 赵金平, 段菁春, 等. 广州典型灰霾期有机碳和元素碳的污染特征 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2009, 31(3): 105-108. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.03.027 TAN J H, ZHAO J P, DUAN J Q, et al. Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon during typical haze episode in Guangzhou [J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2009, 31(3): 105-108(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.03.027
[14] 刘珊, 彭林, 温彦平, 等. 太原市PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(2): 396-401. LIU S, PENG L, WEN Y P, et al. Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 in Taiyuan [J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(2): 396-401(in Chinese).
[15] CHAN C K, YAO X. Air pollution in mega cities in China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(1): 1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003 [16] 索娜卓嘎, 谭丽, 周芮平, 等. 采暖期北京大气PM2.5中碳组分的分布特征及来源解析 [J]. 中国环境监测, 2018, 34(4): 54-59. SUO N Z G, TAN L, ZHOU R P, et al. Distribution characteristics and sources apportionment of carbonaceous components in PM2.5 during the heating periods in Beijing [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2018, 34(4): 54-59(in Chinese).
[17] 张俊峰, 韩力慧, 程水源, 等. 京津冀地区典型城市大气细颗粒物碳质组分污染特征及来源 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(8): 1729-1739. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.02.12 ZHANG J F, HAN L H, CHENG SY, et al. Characteristics and sources of carbon pollution of fine particulate matter in typical cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(8): 1729-1739(in Chinese). doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.02.12
[18] 张家营, 刘保双, 毕晓辉, 等. 菏泽市冬季大气PM2.5和PM10中碳组分来源解析 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2017, 30(11): 1670-1679. ZHANG J Y, LIU B S, BI X H, et al. Source apportionment of carbonaceous species in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 during winter in Heze city, China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(11): 1670-1679(in Chinese).
[19] 张敬巧, 罗达通, 王涵, 等. 廊坊市开发区冬季颗粒物碳组分污染特征及来源分析 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(11): 1818-1825. ZHANG J Q, LUO D T, WANG H, et al. Characteristics and source of carbonaceous species in particulate matter during winter in Langfang city development zones [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(11): 1818-1825(in Chinese).
[20] 余娜. 235个蓝天背后 [J]. 四川党的建设, 2018, 313(1): 38-39. YU N. Behind the 235 blue sky [J]. Sichuan Party Building, 2018, 313(1): 38-39(in Chinese).
[21] 于会文. 成都平原大气治理的路径探索 [J]. 环境保护, 2018, 46(6): 43-45. YU H W. Exploration on the Path of air control in Chengdu plain [J]. Environmental Protection, 2018, 46(6): 43-45(in Chinese).
[22] 王永敏, 高健, 徐仲均, 等. 光散射法与β射线衰减-光散射联用法颗粒物在线测量方法对比 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2017, 30(3): 433-443. WANG Y M, GAO J, XU Z J, et al. Inter-comparison between light scattering and beta-attenuation-light scattering particulate matter on-line monitoring [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(3): 433-443(in Chinese).
[23] 陈源, 谢绍东, 罗彬, 等. 重庆市主城区大气细颗粒物污染特征与来源解析 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2017, 37(7): 2420-2430. CHEN Y, XIE S D, LUO B, et al. Pollution characterization and source apportionment of fine particles in urban Chongqing [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2017, 37(7): 2420-2430(in Chinese).
[24] 四川省人民政府. 2015成都环境质量公报出炉[EB/OL]. 2016-5-11[2019-12-27]. http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10464/10465/10595/2016/5/11/10379886.shtml. The People’s Government of Sichuan Province. 2015 Chengdu environmental quality bulletin released[EB/OL]. 2016-5-11[2019-12-27]. http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10464/10465/10595/2016/5/11/10379886.shtml (in Chinese).
[25] 林瑜, 叶芝祥, 杨怀金, 等. 成都市中心城区大气PM1的污染特征及来源解析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(9): 3220-3226. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.09.003 LING Y, YE Z X, YANG H J, et al. Pollution level and source apportionment of atmospheric particles PM1 in downtown area of Chengdu [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(9): 3220-3226(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.09.003
[26] 郭育红, 辛金元, 王跃思, 等. 唐山市大气颗粒物OC、EC浓度谱分布观测研究 [J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(7): 2497-2504. GUO Y H, XIN J Y, WANG Y S, et al. Observation of size distribution of atmospheric OC / EC in Tangshan, China [J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(7): 2497-2504(in Chinese).
[27] 罗玉, 马振峰, 赵鹏国, 等. 近36a来四川盆地持续霾事件特征及环流分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(9): 3604-3615. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.09.003 LUO Y, MA Z F, ZHAO P G, et al. Characteristics of persistent haze events and circulation analysis in Sichuan Basin in recent 36years [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(9): 3604-3615(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.09.003
[28] CAO J J, LEE S C, HO K F, et al. Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(27): 4447-4456. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.016 [29] CHOW J C, WATSON J G, LU Z Q, et al. Descriptive analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS / AUSPEX [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(12): 2079-2112. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00402-5 [30] YE Z L, LIU J S, LI Q, et al. Characteristics and source identification of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 Measurements during summer and fall in Changzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(11): 4469-4477. [31] TURPIN B J, HUNTZICKER J J. Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(23): 3527-3544. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q [32] XU H H, XU J S, HE J, et al. Characteristics and source analysis of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in the cities of Hangzhou and Ningbo [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(8): 3511-3517. [33] 牟臻, 陈庆彩, 王羽琴, 等. 西安市PM2.5中碳质气溶胶污染特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(4): 1529-1536. MU Z, CHEN Q C, WANG YQ, et al. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol pollution in PM2.5 in Xi'an [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(4): 1529-1536(in Chinese).
[34] WANG J, YU A, YANG L, et al. Research on organic carbon and elemental carbon distribution characteristics and their influence on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Changchun city [J]. Environments, 2019, 6(2): 21. doi: 10.3390/environments6020021 [35] 张婷婷, 马文林, 亓学奎, 等. 北京城区PM2.5有机碳和元素碳的污染特征及来源分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(12): 2758-2766. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018051701 ZHANG T T, MA W L, QI X K, et al. Characteristics and sources of organic carbon and element carbon in PM2.5 in the urban areas of Beijing [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(12): 2758-2766(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018051701
[36] 余家燕, 王军, 许丽萍, 等. 重庆城区PM2.5化学组分特征及季节变化 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(12): 6372-6378. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201703096 YU J Y, WANG J, XU L P, et al. Characteristics of chemical components of PM2.5 and its seasonal variations in Chongqing urban area [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(12): 6372-6378(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201703096
[37] ARHAMI M, SHAHNE M Z, HOSSEINI V, et al. Seasonal trends in the composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol in Tehran, Iran [J]. Environmental pollution, 2018, 239: 69-81. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.111 [38] 康晖, 朱彬, 王红磊, 等. 长三角典型站点冬季大气PM2.5中OCEC污染特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(3): 961-971. KANG H, ZHU B, WANG H L, et al. Characterization and variation of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 during the winter in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(3): 961-971(in Chinese).
[39] 吴明, 吴丹, 夏俊荣, 等. 成都冬季PM2.5化学组分污染特征及来源解析 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(1): 76-85. WU M, WU D, XIA J R, et al. Analysis of pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 chemical components in Chengdu in Winter [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(1): 76-85(in Chinese).
[40] 国纪良, 姬亚芹, 马妍, 等. 盘锦市夏冬季PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(8): 3201-3206. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.08.009 GUO J L, JI Y Q, MA Y, et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of carbon components in PM2.5 during summer and winter in Panjin city [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(8): 3201-3206(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.08.009
[41] JI D, LI L, WANG Y, et al. The heaviest particulate air-pollution episodes occurred in northern china in January, 2013: insights gained from observation [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 92: 546-556. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.048 [42] 纪尚平, 王丽涛, 赵乐, 等. 邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的浓度、来源及其变化 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2019, 39(9): 2873-2880. JI S P, WANG L T, ZHAO L, et al. Concentrations, sources and changes of carbon fractions in PM2.5 in Handan [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(9): 2873-2880(in Chinese).
[43] 李恒庆, 丁椿, 潘光, 等. 济南市居住区采暖季大气PM2.5中碳组分构成及变化分析 [J]. 生态环境学报, 2019, 28(9): 1810-1817. LI H Q, DING C, PAN G, et al. Analysis on the composition and change of carbon components in PM2.5 of residential area in Jinan during heating period [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 28(9): 1810-1817(in Chinese).
[44] CABABA J C, PANDIS S N, SUBRAMANIAN R, et al. Estimating the secondary organic aerosol contribution to PM2.5 using the EC tracer method special issue of aerosol science and technology on findings from the fine particulate matter supersites program [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2004, 38(S1): 140-155. [45] 程渊, 刘保双, 毕晓辉, 等. 天津市区夏冬季环境空气PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2018, 38(9): 3394-3405. CHENG Y, LIU B S, BI X H, et al. Character and source analysis of carbonaceous aerosol in PM2.5 during summer-winter period, Tianjin Urban Area [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018, 38(9): 3394-3405(in Chinese).
[46] 丁新航, 梁越, 肖化云, 等. 太原市采暖季清洁天与灰霾天PM2.5中水溶性无机离子组成及来源分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(6): 1356-1366. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018121102 DING X H, LIANG Y, XIAO H, et al. Composition and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5 in clean and haze days during heating season in Taiyuan City [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(6): 1356-1366(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018121102
[47] 翟航, 周俊, 李世梅, 等. 因子分析法在污染源解析方面的应用 [J]. 中国环境管理, 2014, 6(1): 20-24. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6252.2014.01.005 ZHAI H, ZHOU J, LI S M, et al. Factor analysis method is applied to analysis of the polluters [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2014, 6(1): 20-24(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6252.2014.01.005
[48] 古金霞, 白志鹏, 刘爱霞, 等. 天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2009, 31(8): 33-36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.08.009 GU J X, BAI Z P, LIU A X, et al. Pollution characteristics of OC and EC in PM2.5 and PM10 in Tianjin Winter [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2009, 31(8): 33-36(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.08.009
[49] CAO J J, WU F, CHOW J, et al. Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 5: 3127-3137. doi: 10.5194/acp-5-3127-2005 [50] 张大宇, 刘效峰, 彭林, 等. 太原市PM2.5中含碳气溶胶特征分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(12): 2719-2727. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019010203 ZHANG D Y, LIU X F, PENG L, et al. Analysis of characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 of Taiyuan [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(12): 2719-2727(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019010203
[51] 康宝荣, 刘立忠, 刘焕武, 等. 关中地区细颗粒物碳组分特征及来源解析 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(8): 3431-3437. KANG B R, LIU L Z, LIU H W, et al. Estimation of secondary organic carbon in PM2.5 and PM10 in Guanzhong Area in autumn and winter [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(8): 3431-3437(in Chinese).