-
随着我国经济的迅速发展,工业化和城市化的快速推进,大气污染已成为我国可持续发展所面临的主要环境问题之一[1]。大气污染问题在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、汾渭平原等城市群尤为突出,其对人体健康、大气环境和全球气候等方面具有重要影响[2-3]。研究表明,二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)是灰霾的重要组成部分,2013年Huang等[1]通过北京、上海、西安、广州这四大城市重霾期间的外场观测,发现SOA分别占有机气溶胶(organic aerosol,OA)的44%—71%和PM2.5的30%—77%。已有的模型研究发现,SOA的模拟值远小于外场观测结果,其原因可能是由于模型中缺少对SOA贡献较大的前体物[4-5]。近年来,外场观测和实验室研究皆表明中等挥发性有机物(intermediate volatility organic compounds,IVOCs)对SOA具有重要贡献[5-6]。
中等挥发性有机物的饱和蒸气压介于挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)和难挥发性有机物之间。IVOCs主要存在于气相,少量分配在颗粒相。目前我国国标中还没有给出中等挥发性有机物的具体定义。北京大气污染物综合排放标准(DB 11/501-2007)采用欧标中对挥发性有机物VOCs的定义,将293 K下饱和蒸气压≥10 Pa的有机化合物称为VOCs。因此按照该标准,IVOCs的饱和蒸气压上限为10 Pa。国际上Donahue等[7]根据有效饱和蒸气压浓度对于IVOCs(103 μg·m−3≤C*≤106 μg·m−3)进行定义。以正构烷烃为例,正十二烷的饱和蒸气压为16 Pa,我国生态环境部(HJ 1010-2018)关于VOCs监测规范将正十二烷划入了57种VOCs中。因此,这里将中等挥发性有机物定义为298 K下饱和蒸气压在0.01 Pa—10 Pa的有机化合物,相当于C12—C20长链烷烃的饱和蒸气压范围。图1展示了C1—C20烷烃在298 K下的饱和蒸气压及其与OH自由基、Cl原子反应的大气寿命。除了长链烷烃以外,IVOCs还包括倍半萜烯,多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs),单环芳烃,酚类化合物以及杂环化合物(表1)。
中等挥发性有机物研究进展
Research progress of intermediate volatility organic compounds
-
摘要: 中等挥发性有机物是挥发性介于气态挥发性有机物和颗粒态难挥发性有机物的一类重要的有机物,其可以在气相和颗粒相进行配分,根据其结构可分为脂肪族及脂环族化合物、芳香族化合物以及杂环化合物等。近年来的研究发现其对大气氧化性及二次有机气溶胶的生成具有重要贡献,但由于测量技术及机理研究的局限,使得针对其研究和认识还处于起步阶段。本文从中等挥发性有机物的定义、测量技术、外场观测、实验室机制以及模型模拟等方面进行了综述。进一步针对已有关于中等挥发性有机物所面临的问题和挑战进行了展望。Abstract: Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are an important type of species that saturated vapor pressure between gaseous volatile organic compounds and particulate nonvolatile organic compounds. According to disparate structures, they can be divided into aliphatic and alicyclic compounds, aromatic compounds, and heterocyclic compounds. In recent years, it has been found that IVOCs have a significant contribution to the formation of atmospheric oxidization and secondary organic aerosol. However, due to the limitations of measurement technology and mechanism study, the research and understanding are still in the initial stage. This paper reviews the definition, measurement technologies, field observations, laboratory mechanisms, and model simulations of IVOCs. Furthermore, the problems and challenges faced have prospected.
-
图 1 C1—C20烷烃在298 K下的饱和蒸气压(圆形)及其与OH自由基(1.0×106 molecule·cm−3,上三角形)和Cl原子(5.0×104 molecule·cm−3,下三角形)反应的大气寿命。
Figure 1. Saturated vapor pressure (circle) of C1—C20 alkanes at 298 K and their atmospheric lifetimes for reactions with OH radicals (1.0×106 molecule·cm−3, up triangle) and Cl atoms (5.0×104 molecule·cm−3, down triangle).
表 1 大气中常见的IVOCs在298 K下的饱和蒸气压及其与大气活性物种的一级反应速率常数
Table 1. Saturated vapor pressures of common atmospheric IVOCs at 298 K and their first order reaction rate constants with atmospheric active species.
有机物
Organics饱和蒸气压a/Pa
Saturated vapor pressurekOH×(1011)/
(cm3·molecule−1·s−1)kCl×(1011)/
(cm3·molecule−1·s-1) ×(1019)/$ {k}_{{\rm{O}}_{3}} $
(cm3·molecule−1·s−1) ×(1013)/$ {k}_{{\rm{NO}}_{3}} $
(cm3·molecule−1·s−1)脂肪族及脂环族化合物 正十二烷(VOC) 16 1.32[8] 51.2[9] 环十二烷 3.93 1.47[10] 正己基环己烷(VOC) 14.67 1.74[10] 正十三烷 5 1.51[11] 53[9] 正十四烷 2 1.79(312 K)[11] 56.8[9] 正十五烷 0.66 2.07(312 K)[11] 正十六烷 0.19 2.32(312 K)[11] 正十七烷 0.03 2.1[12] 正十八烷 0.028 2.24[12] 正十九烷 0.01 2.38[12] 正庚基环己烷 5.33 1.91[13] 正辛基环己烷 1.33 2.05[13] 1-十四烯 2 4.96[14] 244[15] 0.287[15] 1-十四醇 0.02 3.56[16] 正癸酸 0.05 1.15[16] 草酸 0.03 0.064[16] 水杨酸 0.01 1.3[17] 2-十一烷酮 5.33 1.45[16] 丙位壬内酯 1.57 1.08[16] 三乙酸甘油酯 0.33 0.802[16] 二乙二醇丁醚 2.92 7.44[18] 芳香族化合物 萘 10.67 2.3[19] 0.42[20] <3[21] 200[22] 1-甲基萘 9.33 4.09[23] 12.1[24] <1.3[25] 2-甲基萘 8 4.86[23] 10.5[24] <4[26] 2,3-二甲基萘 0.15 7.68[26] 29.3[24] <4[26] 苊烯 0.64 10.9[27] 46.9[20] 3990[27] 44.2[27] 苊 0.29 5.8[19] 30.1[20] 1.79[28] 4.16[28] 芴 0.08 1.3[19] <2[19] 0.35[19] 菲 0.02 2.7[19] 4[29] 3.04[30] 五甲基苯 4 10.3[31] 肉桂醛 3.85 4.8[32] 22[32] 0.19[32] 5-甲基-2-硝基苯酚 2.67 0.672[33] 1.94[34] 对甲酚 5.3(293 K) 4.4[35] 4.71[21] 110[36] 邻苯二酚 4(293 K) 10.4[37] 64.6[38] 135[39] 980[40] 愈创木酚 13.3 7.5[41] 29.7[42] 4[39] 269[36] 2,6-二甲氧基苯酚 0.79 9.66[43] 27.1[42] 1584[36] 二苯胺 0.09 19.4[16] 水杨酸 0.01 1.3[17] 杂环化合物 二苯并噻吩 0.03 0.81[44] <6[44] <0.7[44] 喹啉 8 1.16[45] <1[45] 异喹啉 9.33 0.85[45] <1.1[45] 吲哚 1.62 15.4[45] 490[45] 1330[45] 佳乐麝香 0.07 2.71[46] 二苯并呋喃 0.33 0.35[19] <0.8[47] <0.02[47] 十二甲基环六硅氧烷 2.25 0.28[48] 0.25—0.32[48] a:数据来源:PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)[49]、文献[50]; 表 2 大气中常见IVOCs的外场观测浓度
Table 2. Concentrations of common IVOCs in the atmosphere from field observations
IVOCs 采样时间
Sampling date采样地点
Sampling location大气浓度Concentration/
(parts per trillion)分析仪器
Analysis
instrumentRef g p g+p 正十三烷及其异构体 2018年11—12月 华北农村 109±75 PTR-MS [63] 2018年9—11月 广州市区 66±60 PTR-MS [63] 正十三烷 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 4.5 0.19 4.69 GC×GC-MS [83] 正十四烷及其异构体 2018年11—12月 华北农村 60±40 PTR-MS [63] 2018年9—11月 广州市区 50±47 PTR-MS [63] 正十四烷 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 3.74 0.27 4 GC×GC-MS [83] 2011年8月 美国曼尼托森林 0.05—0.16 SV-TAG-AMS [82] 己基环己烷 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 1.52 0.02 1.54 GC×GC-MS [83] 庚基环己烷 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 1.91 0.01 1.92 GC×GC-MS [83] 辛基环己烷 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 1.01 0.02 1.03 GC×GC-MS [83] 萘 2015年6—8月 武汉-鄂州 0.09—0.2 GC-MS [84] 2019年9—10月 广州 18 GC-MS [85] 2008年8月—2009年7月 哈尔滨 7.19 0.15 7.34 GC-MS [86] 2005年1月 北京海淀 729±521 11.33±15.18 740±521 GC-MS [87] 2010年12月—2011年7月 印度洋 0.03 0.03 GC-MS [88] C1-甲基萘 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 3.06 0.24 3.30 GC×GC-MS [83] 1-甲基萘 2019年9—10月 广州 2.03 [85] 2-甲基萘 2019年9—10月 广州 4.35 [85] C2-甲基萘 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 2.17 0.07 2.24 GC×GC-MS [83] 2010年12月—2011年7月 南太平洋 0.17 0.17 GC-MS [88] C3-甲基萘 2017年1—2月 伦敦市区 2.82 0.35 3.17 GC×GC-MS [83] 苊烯 2008年8月—2009年7月 哈尔滨 1.8 0.22 2.02 GC-MS [86] 2010年12月—2011年7月 北大西洋 0.03 0.03 GC-MS [88] 2005年1月 北京海淀 29.40±24.26 1.13±1.62 30.53±24.26 GC-MS [87] 苊 2010年12月—2011年7月 印度洋 0.02 0.02 GC-MS [88] 2008年8月—2009年7月 哈尔滨 0.38 0.02 0.4 GC-MS [86] 2005年1月 北京海淀 6.64±4.74 0.53±0.73 7.17±4.8 GC-MS [87] 芴 2015年6—8月 武汉-鄂州 0.06—0.37 GC-MS [84] 2008年8月—2009年7月 哈尔滨 1.32 0.22 1.54 GC-MS [86] 2006年8月—2007年6月 上海 0.22 GC [89] 2011年8月 美国曼尼托森林 0.02—0.16 SV-TAG-AMS [82] 2010年12月—2011年7月 北大西洋 0.17 0.17 GC-MS [88] 2005年1月 北京海淀 12.14±8.91 2.65±4.25 14.79±9.88 GC-MS [87] 菲 2015年6—8月 武汉-鄂州 0.30—7.91 GC-MS [84] 2008年8月—2009年7月 哈尔滨 2.43 2.03 4.46 GC-MS [86] 2006年8月—2007年6月 上海 2.28 GC [89] 2011年8月 美国曼尼托森林 0.06—0.33 SV-TAG-AMS [82] 2005年1月 北京海淀 10.74±6.86 14.95±31.69 25.69±32.38 GC-MS [87] 2010年12月—2011年7月 南太平洋 1.3 0.01 1.31 GC-MS [88] 对甲苯酚 2016年4月 济南 0.06 0.21 0.27 UHPLC-MS [90] 邻苯二酚 2016年4月 济南 0.42 0.24 0.66 UHPLC-MS [90] 愈创木酚 1988年11月—1989年2月 美国明尼阿波利斯市 3.15—88 GC-MS [91] 2,6-二甲氧基苯酚 1988年11月—1989年2月 美国明尼阿波利斯市 0.68—87 GC-MS [91] 佳乐麝香 2008年11月 土耳其,小学教室 25.29±5.3 0.24±0.09 25.53±5.3 GC-MS [92] 2009年6—7月 土耳其,妇女体育中心 13.6±5.72 0.09±0.05 13.69±5.72 GC-MS [92] 二苯并呋喃 2011年8月 美国曼尼托森林 0.07—0.68 SV-TAG-AMS [82] 二苯并噻吩 2010年12月—2011年7月 北大西洋 0.15 0.0004 0.15 GC-MS [88] -
[1] HUANG R J, ZHANG Y L, BOZZETTI C, et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China [J]. Nature, 2014, 514(7521): 218-222. doi: 10.1038/nature13774 [2] WANG Y, ZHANG R Y, SARAVANAN R. Asian pollution climatically modulates mid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational analysis [J]. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 3098. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4098 [3] 曹军骥. 我国PM2.5污染现状与控制对策 [J]. 地球环境学报, 2012, 3(5): 1030-1036. CAO J J. Pollution status and control strategies of PM2.5 in China [J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2012, 3(5): 1030-1036(in Chinese).
[4] PRESTO A A, MIRACOLO M A, DONAHUE N M, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from high-NOx photo-oxidation of low volatility precursors: N-alkanes [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(6): 2029-2034. [5] ROBINSON A L, DONAHUE N M, SHRIVASTAVA M K, et al. Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging [J]. Science , 2007, 315(5816): 1259-1262. doi: 10.1126/science.1133061 [6] ZHAO Y L, HENNIGAN C J, MAY A A, et al. Intermediate-volatility organic compounds: A large source of secondary organic aerosol [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(23): 13743-13750. [7] DONAHUE N M, ROBINSON A L, PANDIS S N. Atmospheric organic particulate matter: From smoke to secondary organic aerosol [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(1): 94-106. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.055 [8] WANG D S, HILDEBRANDT RUIZ L. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of n-alkanes under high NOx conditions: Insights into secondary organic aerosol composition and volatility using a FIGAERO-CIMS [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2018: 1-26. [9] SHI B, WANG W G, ZHOU L, et al. Atmospheric oxidation of C10~14 n-alkanes initiated by Cl atoms: Kinetics and mechanism [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020, 222: 117166. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117166 [10] LOZA C L, CRAVEN J S, YEE L D, et al. Secondary organic aerosol yields of 12-carbon alkanes [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014, 14(3): 1423-1439. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-1423-2014 [11] ATKINSON R, AREY J. Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds [J]. Chemical Reviews, 2003, 103(12): 4605-4638. doi: 10.1021/cr0206420 [12] ZHAO Y L, NGUYEN N T, PRESTO A A, et al. Intermediate volatility organic compound emissions from on-road diesel vehicles: Chemical composition, emission factors, and estimated secondary organic aerosol production [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(19): 11516-11526. [13] CARTER W P L, LUO D M, MALKINA I L. Investigation of the ozone formation potentials of selected branched alkanes and mineral spirits samples[EB/OL]. [2021-03-29] [14] ASCHMANN S M, ATKINSON R. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with E-7-tetradecene, 2-methyl-1-tridecene and the C(7)-C(14) 1-alkenes at 295+/- 1 K [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 2008, 10(28): 4159-4164. doi: 10.1039/b803527j [15] MASON S A, AREY J, ATKINSON R. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals and O3 with C6−C14 1-alkenes and 2-methyl-1-alkenes at 296±2 K [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2009, 113(19): 5649-5656. doi: 10.1021/jp9014614 [16] DASHBOARD C C. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard [M]. U.S.; United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. [17] ATKINSON R. A structure-activity relationship for the estimation of rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with organic compounds [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 1987, 19(9): 799-828. doi: 10.1002/kin.550190903 [18] ASCHMANN S M, MARTIN P, TUAZON E C, et al. Kinetic and product studies of the reactions of selected glycol ethers with OH radicals [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2001, 35(20): 4080-4088. [19] BRUBAKER W W, HITES R A. OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 1998, 102(6): 915-921. doi: 10.1021/jp9721199 [20] RIVA M, HEALY R M, FLAUD P M, et al. Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with naphthalene, acenaphthene, and acenaphthylene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2014, 118(20): 3535-3540. doi: 10.1021/jp5009434 [21] ATKINSON R, ASCHMANN S M, FITZ D R, et al. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of O3 with selected organics at 296 K [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 1982, 14(1): 13-18. doi: 10.1002/kin.550140103 [22] ATKINSON R, AREY J. Mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons and pahs with oh and no 3 radicals [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2007, 27(1): 15-40. doi: 10.1080/10406630601134243 [23] CHAN A W H, KAUTZMAN K, CHHABRA P, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes: implications for oxidation of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(9): 3049-3060. doi: 10.5194/acp-9-3049-2009 [24] WANG L, AREY J, ATKINSON R. Reactions of chlorine atoms with a series of aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(14): 5302-5310. [25] ATKINSON R, ASCHMANN S M. Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of alkylnaphthalenes with O3, N2O5 and OH radicals at 298±2 K [J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1987, 21(11): 2323-2326. doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90367-2 [26] ATKINSON R, ASCHMANN S M. Kinetics of the reactions of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene with OH radicals and with O3 at (295±1) K [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 1986, 18(5): 569-573. doi: 10.1002/kin.550180507 [27] ZHOU S M, WENGER J C. Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of acenaphthylene with hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 75: 103-112. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.049 [28] ZHOU S M, WENGER J C. Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of acenaphthene with hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 72: 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.044 [29] KEYTE I J, HARRISON R M, LAMMEL G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review [J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2013, 42(24): 9333. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60147a [30] ZHAO N, SHI X L, XU F, et al. Theoretical investigation on the mechanism of NO3 radical-initiated atmospheric reactions of phenanthrene [J]. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2017, 1139: 275-281. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.063 [31] ASCHMANN S M, AREY J, ATKINSON R. Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, pentamethylbenzene, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde, 2,4,5-trimethylphenol, and 3-methyl-3-hexene-2,5-Dione and products of OH+1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013, 117(12): 2556-2568. doi: 10.1021/jp400323n [32] SMITH A M, RIGLER E, KWOK E S C, et al. Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one andtrans-cinnamaldehyde with OH and NO3 Radicals and O3 at (296±2) K [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1996, 30(5): 1781-1785. [33] BEJAN I, BARNES I, OLARIU R, et al. Investigations on the gas-phase photolysis and OH radical kinetics of methyl-2-nitrophenols [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2007, 9(42): 5686-5692. doi: 10.1039/b709464g [34] BEJAN I, DUNCIANU M, OLARIU R, et al. Kinetic study of the gas-phase reactions of chlorine atoms with 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, and four methyl-2-nitrophenol isomers [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2015, 119(20): 4735-4745. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02392 [35] ATKINSON R. Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with organic compounds under atmospheric conditions [J]. Chemical Reviews, 1986, 86(1): 69-201. doi: 10.1021/cr00071a004 [36] LAURAGUAIS A, EL ZEIN A, COEUR C, et al. Kinetic study of the gas-phase reactions of nitrate radicals with methoxyphenol compounds: Experimental and theoretical approaches [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 2016, 120(17): 2691-2699. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02729 [37] OLARIU R I, BARNES I, BECKER K H, et al. Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with selected dihydroxybenzenes and benzoquinones [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 2000, 32(11): 696-702. doi: 10.1002/1097-4601(2000)32:11<696::AID-KIN5>3.0.CO;2-N [38] BEJAN I B I, OLARIU R, WENGER J C. A kinetic study of gas phase reactions of chlorine atoms with 1, 2-benzenediols and benzoquinones. [J]. 21st International Symposium on Gas Kinetics , 2010, 6: 12. [39] ZEIN A E, COEUR C, OBEID E, et al. Reaction kinetics of catechol (1,2-benzenediol) and guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) with ozone [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2015, 119(26): 6759-6765. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00174 [40] OLARIU R I, BEJAN I, BARNES I, et al. Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of NO3 radicals with selected dihydroxybenzenes [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 2004, 36(11): 577-583. doi: 10.1002/kin.20029 [41] COEUR-TOURNEUR C, CASSEZ A, WENGER J C. Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and related compounds [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2010, 114(43): 11645-11650. doi: 10.1021/jp1071023 [42] LAURAGUAIS A, BEJAN I, BARNES I, et al. Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of methoxylated aromatic compounds [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2014, 118(10): 1777-1784. doi: 10.1021/jp4114877 [43] LAURAGUAIS A, COEUR-TOURNEUR C, CASSEZ A, et al. Rate constant and secondary organic aerosol yields for the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with syringol (2,6-dimethoxyphenol) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 55: 43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.027 [44] KWOK E S C, ATKINSON R, AREY J. Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of dibenzothiophene with OH radicals, NO3 radicals, and O3 [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 1999, 13(3): 175-189. doi: 10.1080/10406639908020562 [45] ATKINSON R, TUAZON E C, AREY J, et al. Atmospheric and indoor chemistry of gas-phase indole, quinoline, and isoquinoline [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(23): 3423-3432. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00103-6 [46] LI Y F, SUN Y H, ZHANG Q Z. Theoretical and kinetic properties of OH radical-initiated oxidation of galaxolide in the atmosphere [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2018, 122(47): 9151-9159. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07456 [47] KWOK E S C, AREY J, ATKINSON R. Gas-phase atmospheric chemistry of dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1994, 28(3): 528-533. [48] SAFRON A, STRANDELL M, KIERKEGAARD A, et al. Rate constants and activation energies for gas-phase reactions of three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes with the hydroxyl radical [J]. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 2015, 47(7): 420-428. doi: 10.1002/kin.20919 [49] PUBCHEM. PubChem [M]. U.S.; National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2020. [50] GOSS K U, SCHWARZENBACH R P. Empirical prediction of heats of vaporization and heats of adsorption of organic compounds [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(19): 3390-3393. [51] TAN X, YUAN B, WANG C, et al. Progress in measurements of semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds in ambient air [J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(10): 4224-36. [52] 唐荣志, 王辉, 刘莹, 等. 大气半/中等挥发性有机物的组成及其对有机气溶胶贡献 [J]. 化学进展, 2019, 31(1): 180-190. TANG R Z, WANG H, LIU Y, et al. Constituents of atmospheric semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds and their contribution to organic aerosol [J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2019, 31(1): 180-190(in Chinese).
[53] NOZIÈRE B, KALBERER M, CLAEYS M, et al. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: State of the art and challenges [J]. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(10): 3919-3983. doi: 10.1021/cr5003485 [54] KIM J W, KIM Y M, MOON H M, et al. Comparative study of thermal desorption and solvent extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis for the quantification of phthalates in polymers [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2016, 1451: 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.014 [55] ALAM M S, WEST C E, SCARLETT A G, et al. Application of 2D-GCMS reveals many industrial chemicals in airborne particulate matter [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 65: 101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.014 [56] ALAM M S, HARRISON R M. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis [J]. Chemical Science, 2016, 7(7): 3968-3977. doi: 10.1039/C6SC00465B [57] WILLIAMS B J, GOLDSTEIN A H, KREISBERG N M, et al. An in situ instrument for speciated organic composition of atmospheric aerosols: Thermal desorption aerosol GC/MS-FID (TAG) [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2006, 40(8): 627-638. doi: 10.1080/02786820600754631 [58] WORTON D R, KREISBERG N M, ISAACMAN G, et al. Thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: An improved instrument for in situ speciated measurements of organic aerosols [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012, 46(4): 380-393. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2011.634452 [59] ZHAO Y L, KREISBERG N M, WORTON D R, et al. Development of an in situ thermal desorption gas chromatography instrument for quantifying atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013, 47(3): 258-266. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2012.747673 [60] ZHAO R. The recent development and application of chemical ionization mass spectrometry in atmospheric chemistry[EB/OL]. 2018 [61] YATAVELLI R L N, LOPEZ-HILFIKER F, WARGO J D, et al. A chemical ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled to a micro orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI-HRToF-CIMS) for analysis of gas and particle-phase organic species [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012, 46(12): 1313-1327. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2012.712236 [62] LOPEZ-HILFIKER F D, MOHR C, EHN M, et al. A novel method for online analysis of gas and particle composition: Description and evaluation of a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2014, 7(4): 983-1001. doi: 10.5194/amt-7-983-2014 [63] WANG C M, WU C H, WANG S H, et al. Measurements of higher alkanes using NO+PTR-ToF-MS: Significant contributions of higher alkanes to secondary organic aerosols in China[EB/OL]. 2020 [64] EICHLER P, MÜLLER M, D'ANNA B, et al. A novel inlet system for online chemical analysis of semi-volatile submicron particulate matter [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015, 8(3): 1353-1360. doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1353-2015 [65] CHEN Y C, LEE W J, UANG S N, et al. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from a UH-1H helicopter engine and its impact on the ambient environment [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(39): 7589-7597. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.054 [66] COOPER D A. Exhaust emissions from ships at berth [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(27): 3817-3830. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00446-1 [67] KANG M J, REN L J, REN H, et al. Primary biogenic and anthropogenic sources of organic aerosols in Beijing, China: Insights from saccharides and n-alkanes [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 243: 1579-1587. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.118 [68] GENTNER D R, JATHAR S H, GORDON T D, et al. Review of urban secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline and diesel motor vehicle emissions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(3): 1074-1093. [69] JATHAR S H, FRIEDMAN B, GALANG A A, et al. Linking load, fuel, and emission controls to photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol from a diesel engine [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(3): 1377-1386. [70] CROSS E S, HUNTER J F, CARRASQUILLO A J, et al. Online measurements of the emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from aircraft [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(3): 8065-8100. [71] LOU H J, HAO Y J, ZHANG W W, et al. Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 84: 197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.029 [72] TANG R, LU Q, GUO S, et al. Measurement report: Distinct emissions and volatility distribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from on-road Chinese gasoline vehicles: Implication of high secondary organic aerosol formation potential [J]. Atmos Chem Phys, 2021, 21(4): 2569-2583. doi: 10.5194/acp-21-2569-2021 [73] 王倩, 黄凌, 王杨君, 等. 长江三角洲2017年机动车IVOCs排放清单构建及其对SOA的生成影响 [J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(1): 125-132. WANG Q, HUANG L, WANG Y J, et al. Emission inventory of intermediate volatility organic compounds from vehicles in the Yangtze River Delta in 2017 and the impact on the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols [J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(1): 125-132(in Chinese).
[74] HUANG C, HU Q Y, LI Y J, et al. Intermediate volatility organic compound emissions from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(21): 12934-12942. [75] AGRAWAL H, SAWANT A A, JANSEN K, et al. Characterization of chemical and particulate emissions from aircraft engines [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(18): 4380-4392. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.069 [76] SIMONEIT B R T. Biomass burning—a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2002, 17(3): 129-162. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00061-0 [77] MAZZOLENI L R, ZIELINSKA B, MOOSMÜLLER H. Emissions of levoglucosan, methoxy phenols, and organic acids from prescribed burns, laboratory combustion of wildland fuels, and residential wood combustion [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(7): 2115-2122. [78] MCDONALD B C, de GOUW J A, GILMAN J B, et al. Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions [J]. Science, 2018, 359(6377): 760-764. doi: 10.1126/science.aaq0524 [79] LYU Y, XU T T, YANG X, et al. Seasonal contributions to size-resolved n-alkanes (C8—C40) in the Shanghai atmosphere from regional anthropogenic activities and terrestrial plant waxes [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 579: 1918-1928. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.201 [80] FEILBERG A, LIU D Z, ADAMSEN A P S, et al. Odorant emissions from intensive pig production measured by online proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(15): 5894-5900. [81] MIYAZAKI Y, KAWAMURA K, SAWANO M. Size distributions and chemical characterization of water-soluble organic aerosols over the western North Pacific in summer [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2010, 115(D23): D23210. doi: 10.1029/2010JD014439 [82] CHAN A W H, KREISBERG N M, HOHAUS T, et al. Speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in a pine forest during BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011 [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(2): 1187-1205. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-1187-2016 [83] XU R X, ALAM M S, STARK C, et al. Composition and emission factors of traffic- emitted intermediate volatility and semi-volatile hydrocarbons (C10-C36) at a street canyon and urban background sites in central London, UK [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020, 231: 117448. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117448 [84] WU D H, LIU H X, WANG Z G, et al. Atmospheric concentrations and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in typical urban-rural fringe of Wuhan-Ezhou region, central China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020, 104(1): 96-106. doi: 10.1007/s00128-019-02743-6 [85] FANG H, LUO S L, HUANG X Q, et al. Ambient naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes observed at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta region: Sources and contributions to secondary organic aerosol [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021, 252: 118295. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118295 [86] MA W L, LI Y F, QI H, et al. Seasonal variations of sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a northeastern urban city, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2010, 79(4): 441-447. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.048 [87] LIU Y N, TAO S, YANG Y F, et al. Inhalation exposure of traffic police officers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the winter in Beijing, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 383(1/2/3): 98-105. [88] GONZÁLEZ-GAYA B, FERNÁNDEZ-PINOS M C, MORALES L, et al. High atmosphere–ocean exchange of semivolatile aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(6): 438-442. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2714 [89] WANG X Y, LI Q B, LUO Y M, et al. Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 165(1/2/3/4): 295-305. [90] LI M, WANG X F, LU C Y, et al. Nitrated phenols and the phenolic precursors in the atmosphere in urban Jinan, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 714: 136760. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136760 [91] HAWTHORNE S B, MILLER D J, LANGENFELD J J, et al. PM-10 high-volume collection and quantitation of semi- and nonvolatile phenols, methoxylated phenols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from winter urban air and their relationship to wood smoke emissions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1992, 26(11): 2251-2262. [92] SOFUOGLU A, KIYMET N, KAVCAR P, et al. Polycyclic and nitro musks in indoor air: A primary school classroom and a women's sport center [J]. Indoor Air, 2010, 20(6): 515-522. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00674.x [93] PANKOW J F. An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1994, 28(2): 185-188. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90093-0 [94] ESEN F, TASDEMIR Y, BOZKURT Y M. Assessments of seasonal trend, gas-particle partitioning and deposition flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a semi-rural site [J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019, 54(6): 582-591. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1574158 [95] AKYÜZ M, ÇABUK H. Gas-particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(22): 5550-5558. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.063 [96] MANDALAKIS M, TSAPAKIS M, TSOGA A, et al. Gas-particle concentrations and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(25): 4023-4035. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00362-X [97] GOSS K U, SCHWARZENBACH R P. Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32(14): 2025-2032. [98] LOHMANN R, HARNER T, THOMAS G O, et al. A comparative study of the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/fs, PCBs, and PAHs [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34(23): 4943-4951. [99] YANG J, XU W L, CHENG H Y. Seasonal variations and sources of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chengdu, China [J]. Atmosphere, 2018, 9(2): 63. doi: 10.3390/atmos9020063 [100] WONG F, ROBSON M, MELYMUK L, et al. Urban sources of synthetic musk compounds to the environment [J]. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 2019, 21(1): 74-88. [101] LIU W, ZHAO J, XU S, et al. Concentrations, sources, and potential human health risks of PCDD/fs, dl-PCBs, and PAHs in rural atmosphere around chemical plants in Jiangsu Province, China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020, 104(6): 846-851. doi: 10.1007/s00128-020-02864-3 [102] CHEN Y, SHEN G, HUANG Y, et al. Household air pollution and personal exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among rural residents in Shanxi, China [J]. Indoor Air, 2016, 26(2): 246-258. doi: 10.1111/ina.12204 [103] YEE L D, ISAACMAN-VANWERTZ G, WERNIS R A, et al. Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018, 18(14): 10433-10457. doi: 10.5194/acp-18-10433-2018 [104] SINGH D K, KAWAMURA K, YANASE A, et al. Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic ketones, carboxylic acids, and trace metals in arctic aerosols: Long-range atmospheric transport, photochemical degradation/production at polar sunrise [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(16): 8992-9004. [105] ZHAO Y L, NGUYEN N T, PRESTO A A, et al. Intermediate volatility organic compound emissions from on-road gasoline vehicles and small off-road gasoline engines [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(8): 4554-4563. [106] ALAM M S, ZERAATI-REZAEI S, LIANG Z R, et al. Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons (≥C12) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC×GC-ToF-MS [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2018, 11(5): 3047-3058. doi: 10.5194/amt-11-3047-2018 [107] SU P H, HAO Y J, QIAN Z, et al. Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 91: 262-270. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.008 [108] LI C T, MI H H, LEE W J, et al. PAH emission from the industrial boilers [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1999, 69(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00097-7 [109] CAI S Y, ZHU L, WANG S X, et al. Time-resolved intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compound emissions from household coal combustion in Northern China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(15): 9269-9278. [110] HATCH L E, RIVAS-UBACH A, JEN C N, et al. Measurements of I/SVOCs in biomass-burning smoke using solid-phase extraction disks and two-dimensional gas chromatography [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018, 18(24): 17801-17817. doi: 10.5194/acp-18-17801-2018 [111] DHAMMAPALA R, CLAIBORN C, SIMPSON C, et al. Emission factors from wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burning: Comparison of field and simulated burn experiments [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(7): 1512-1520. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.008 [112] AGARWAL R, SHUKLA K, KUMAR S, et al. Chemical composition of waste burning organic aerosols at landfill and urban sites in Delhi [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020, 11(3): 554-565. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2019.12.004 [113] GENTNER D R, WORTON D R, ISAACMAN G, et al. Chemical composition of gas-phase organic carbon emissions from motor vehicles and implications for ozone production [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(20): 11837-11848. [114] LI W H, LI L J, CHEN C L, et al. Potential of select intermediate-volatility organic compounds and consumer products for secondary organic aerosol and ozone formation under relevant urban conditions [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 178: 109-117. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.019 [115] ATKINSON R. Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds: 1. alkanes and alkenes [J]. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1997, 26(2): 215-290. doi: 10.1063/1.556012 [116] YEE L D, CRAVEN J S, LOZA C L, et al. Effect of chemical structure on secondary organic aerosol formation from C12 alkanes [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(21): 11121-11140. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-11121-2013 [117] LIM Y B, ZIEMANN P J. Effects of molecular structure on aerosol yields from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes in the presence of NOx [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(7): 2328-2334. [118] LAMBE A T, ONASCH T B, CROASDALE D R, et al. Transitions from functionalization to fragmentation reactions of laboratory secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the OH oxidation of alkane precursors [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(10): 5430-5437. [119] LIM Y B, ZIEMANN P J. Products and mechanism of secondary organic aerosol formation from reactions of n-alkanes with OH radicals in the presence of NOx [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(23): 9229-9236. [120] JORDAN C E, ZIEMANN P J, GRIFFIN R J, et al. Modeling SOA formation from OH reactions with C8—C17 n-alkanes [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(34): 8015-8026. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.017 [121] TKACIK D S, PRESTO A A, DONAHUE N M, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from intermediate-volatility organic compounds: Cyclic, linear, and branched alkanes [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(16): 8773-8781. [122] LAMKADDAM H, GRATIEN A, PANGUI E, et al. High-NOx photooxidation of n-dodecane: Temperature dependence of SOA formation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(1): 192-201. [123] LI J L, LI K, WANG W G, et al. Optical properties of secondary organic aerosols derived from long-chain alkanes under various NOx and seed conditions [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 579: 1699-1705. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.189 [124] LI J L, WANG W G, LI K, et al. Temperature effects on optical properties and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol derived from n-dodecane [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(13): 8123-8137. doi: 10.5194/acp-20-8123-2020 [125] WERT B P, TRAINER M, FRIED A, et al. Signatures of terminal alkene oxidation in airborne formaldehyde measurements during TexAQS 2000 [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D3): 4014. doi: 10.1029/2002jd002502 [126] ZIEMANN P J. Effects of molecular structure on the chemistry of aerosol formation from the OH-radical-initiated oxidation of alkanes and alkenes [J]. International Reviews in Physical Chemistry, 2011, 30(2): 161-195. doi: 10.1080/0144235X.2010.550728 [127] MATSUNAGA A, DOCHERTY K S, LIM Y B, et al. Composition and yields of secondary organic aerosol formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear alkenes in the presence of NOx: Modeling and measurements [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(6): 1349-1357. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.004 [128] CHACON-MADRID H J, HENRY K M, DONAHUE N M. Photo-oxidation of pinonaldehyde at low NOx: From chemistry to organic aerosol formation [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(6): 3227-3236. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-3227-2013 [129] CHACON-MADRID H J, DONAHUE N M. Fragmentation vs. functionalization: Chemical aging and organic aerosol formation [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(20): 10553-10563. doi: 10.5194/acp-11-10553-2011 [130] WANG L, ATKINSON R, AREY J. Dicarbonyl products of the OH radical-initiated reactions of naphthalene and the C1- and C2-alkylnaphthalenes [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(8): 2803-2810. [131] RIVA M, HEALY R M, FLAUD P M, et al. Gas- and particle-phase products from the chlorine-initiated oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2015, 119(45): 11170-11181. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04610 [132] KAUTZMAN K E, SURRATT J D, CHAN M N, et al. Chemical composition of gas- and aerosol-phase products from the photooxidation of naphthalene [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2010, 114(2): 913-934. doi: 10.1021/jp908530s [133] SHAKYA K M, GRIFFIN R J. Secondary organic aerosol from photooxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(21): 8134-8139. [134] CHEN C L, KACARAB M, TANG P, et al. SOA formation from naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene photooxidation [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 131: 424-433. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.007 [135] CHEN C L, LI L J, TANG P, et al. SOA formation from photooxidation of naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes with m-xylene and surrogate mixtures [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 180: 256-264. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.02.051 [136] RIVA M, ROBINSON E S, PERRAUDIN E, et al. Photochemical aging of secondary organic aerosols generated from the photooxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the gas-phase [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(9): 5407-5416. [137] XU C, WANG L. Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of phenol initiated by OH radical [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2013, 117(11): 2358-2364. doi: 10.1021/jp308856b [138] LAURAGUAIS A, COEUR-TOURNEUR C, CASSEZ A, et al. Atmospheric reactivity of hydroxyl radicals with guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), a biomass burning emitted compound: Secondary organic aerosol formation and gas-phase oxidation products [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 86: 155-163. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.074 [139] YEE L D, KAUTZMAN K E, LOZA C L, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass burning intermediates: Phenol and methoxyphenols [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(16): 8019-8043. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-8019-2013 [140] LIU C G, CHEN T Z, LIU Y C, et al. Enhancement of secondary organic aerosol formation and its oxidation state by SO2 during photooxidation of 2-methoxyphenol [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(4): 2687-2700. doi: 10.5194/acp-19-2687-2019 [141] LIU C G, LIU J, LIU Y C, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from the OH-initiated oxidation of guaiacol under different experimental conditions [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019, 207: 30-37. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.021 [142] NAKAO S, CLARK C, TANG P, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from phenolic compounds in the absence of NOx [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(20): 10649-10660. doi: 10.5194/acp-11-10649-2011 [143] LIU C G, LIU Y C, CHEN T Z, et al. Rate constant and secondary organic aerosol formation from the gas-phase reaction of eugenol with hydroxyl radicals [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(3): 2001-2013. doi: 10.5194/acp-19-2001-2019 [144] SUN Y L, ZHANG Q, ANASTASIO C, et al. Insights into secondary organic aerosol formed via aqueous-phase reactions of phenolic compounds based on high resolution mass spectrometry [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(10): 4809-4822. doi: 10.5194/acp-10-4809-2010 [145] KITANOVSKI Z, ČUSAK A, GRGIĆ I, et al. Chemical characterization of the main products formed through aqueous-phase photonitration of guaiacol [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2014, 7(8): 2457-2470. doi: 10.5194/amt-7-2457-2014 [146] KITANOVSKI Z, GRGIĆ I, de VERMEYLEN R, et al. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for characterization of monoaromatic nitro-compounds in atmospheric particulate matter [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2012, 1268: 35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.021 [147] YU L, SMITH J, LASKIN A, et al. Chemical characterization of SOA formed from aqueous-phase reactions of phenols with the triplet excited state of carbonyl and hydroxyl radical [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014, 14(24): 13801-13816. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-13801-2014 [148] MONTOYA-AGUILERA J, HORNE J R, HINKS M L, et al. Secondary organic aerosol from atmospheric photooxidation of indole [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 17(18): 11605-11621. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-11605-2017 [149] FEILBERG A, HOLCMAN J, NIELSEN T, et al. Atmospheric oxidation of N-PAC and nitro substituted N-PAC in water droplets [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 1999, 14(1/2/3/4): 137-150. [150] LIU Y, LU J C, CHEN Y F, et al. Aqueous-phase production of secondary organic aerosols from oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) [J]. Atmosphere, 2020, 11(2): 151. doi: 10.3390/atmos11020151 [151] HODZIC A, KASIBHATLA P S, JO D S, et al. Rethinking the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget: Stronger production, faster removal, shorter lifetime [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(12): 7917-7941. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-7917-2016 [152] ELURI S, CAPPA C D, FRIEDMAN B, et al. Modeling the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol from diesel exhaust using parameterized and semi-explicit chemistry and thermodynamic models [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018, 18(19): 13813-13838. doi: 10.5194/acp-18-13813-2018 [153] ZHAO B, WANG S X, DONAHUE N M, et al. Quantifying the effect of organic aerosol aging and intermediate-volatility emissions on regional-scale aerosol pollution in China [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8 [154] LI J, HAN Z W, LI J W, et al. The formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol during haze events in Beijing in wintertime [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 703: 134937. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134937 [155] YANG W Y, LI J, WANG M, et al. A case study of investigating secondary organic aerosol formation pathways in Beijing using an observation-based SOA box model [J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2018, 18(7): 1606-1616. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2017.10.0415 [156] YAO T, LI Y, GAO J H, et al. Source apportionment of secondary organic aerosols in the Pearl River Delta region: Contribution from the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic aerosols [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020, 222: 117111. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117111 [157] WU L Q, WANG X M, LU S H, et al. Emission inventory of semi-volatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds and their effects on secondary organic aerosol over the Pearl River Delta region [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(12): 8141-8161. doi: 10.5194/acp-19-8141-2019 [158] PRINN R G, WEISS R F, MILLER B R, et al. Atmospheric trends and lifetime of CH3CCI3 and global OH concentrations [J]. Science, 1995, 269(5221): 187-192. doi: 10.1126/science.269.5221.187 [159] HOSSAINI R, CHIPPERFIELD M P, SAIZ-LOPEZ A, et al. A global model of tropospheric chlorine chemistry: Organic versus inorganic sources and impact on methane oxidation [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2016, 121(23): 14271-14297. doi: 10.1002/2016JD025756 [160] WINGENTER O W, KUBO M K, BLAKE N J, et al. Hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements as photochemical and dynamical indicators of atmospheric hydroxyl, atomic chlorine, and vertical mixing obtained during Lagrangian flights [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1996, 101(D2): 4331-4340. doi: 10.1029/95JD02457 [161] LIN C Y C, JACOB D J, FIORE A M. Trends in exceedances of the ozone air quality standard in the continental United States, 1980-1998 [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(19): 3217-3228. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00152-2 [162] SHU Y H, ATKINSON R. Atmospheric lifetimes and fates of a series of sesquiterpenes [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1995, 100(D4): 7275-7281. doi: 10.1029/95JD00368