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重金属污染是威胁公众健康的世界性环境问题. 其中,砷(As)和锑(Sb)因毒性高、影响范围大而成为水体重金属污染研究的代表性元素,在水环境中常以三价或五价形式存在[1 − 4]. 长期接触含As水可能会引起神经系统症状,皮肤病变和癌症[5],而摄入过量Sb可能会伤害心脏和肝脏,甚至导致死亡[6]. 世界卫生组织将饮用水中As浓度限值规定为10 μg·L−1[7]. 中国、欧盟和日本对Sb的最高污染水平限定为5 μg·L−1[8]. 因此,开发水中As/Sb的深度去除技术是保障饮用水安全和生态环境健康的迫切需求.
目前,水环境中As、Sb污染的治理技术主要包括混凝技术、电化学技术、膜滤技术、离子交换技术、生物技术和吸附技术[9 − 10]. 由于操作简单、成本低等特点,吸附法一直是研究的热点[11 − 17]. 吸附法去除As、Sb的效果主要与所使用的吸附剂以及As、Sb的存在形态有关[12, 18 − 19]. 目前常见的重金属吸附剂主要是铁基、锰基等氧化物或氢氧化物纳米颗粒[20 − 24], 在应用过程中存在金属溶损率高、吸附容量低(< 150 mg·g−1)、受pH影响大、As(Ⅲ)去除效果差、纳米材料制备过程复杂等问题,限制了其大规模的应用[25 − 26]. 钛系吸附剂以稳定、无毒、抗腐蚀以及对As的高亲和力获得广泛关注[27]. 近期,一种通过溶胶凝胶法制备的新型钛凝胶吸附剂呈现As(Ⅲ)吸附容量大,受水环境(pH或共存离子等)变化影响小等特点. 由于材料表面具有较高的As(Ⅲ)亲和力,这种新型钛凝胶吸附剂对腐殖酸等共存有机质(50 mg·L−1)以及硫酸盐、碳酸盐等无机离子(10 mmol·L−1)具有较强的抗干扰能力[26]. 在固定床系统中可以有效的将As(Ⅲ)浓度从200 μg·L−1降至10 μg·L−1以下[26],表现出了良好的应用潜力.
由于电负性低、极化能力强等特点,Ti4+极易在水中水解,形成不溶性氧化物而沉淀. 这对钛凝胶吸附剂的高效稳定制备带来挑战. 因此,选择合适的配体克服Ti4+不受控制的水解是溶胶凝胶法制备高性能钛凝胶吸附剂的关键. 先前所研发的钛凝胶吸附剂是以乙酰丙酮(AcAc)为桥联配体. 该配体在制备过程中通过络合作用提高了Ti4+离子的稳定性,限制了钛醇盐的水解反应,从而保护了Ti/O结构的生长. 然而,在溶胶凝胶法过程中加入其他种类配体是否可以表现出更佳的吸附性能尚未得到进一步的验证,配体结构与吸附剂性能之间的构效关系尚不明晰.
本文分别以11种有机配体(3种常见有机酸配体,1种醇胺类配体和7种乙酰丙酮结构衍生物)(图1)通过溶胶凝胶法合成了11种钛干凝胶,并与无添加钛凝胶材料进行了As、Sb吸附性能对比. 结合吸附动力学和吸附容量,初步考察了配体对钛干凝胶吸附 As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅲ)和 Sb(Ⅴ)性能的影响,剖析了可能的影响机制,为高效钛系吸附剂的开发、适配体的筛选和设计提供理论指导.
桥联配体对钛凝胶吸附砷锑性能的影响及机制
Effects and mechanism of bridging ligands on the adsorption performance for arsenic and antimony removal by titanium xerogel
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摘要: 针对钛凝胶吸附剂中桥联配体与吸附性能之间的关系不明问题,本文对比考察了由11种配体(有机羧酸类、醇胺类以及双酮类)合成的钛凝胶材料吸附砷(As)、锑(Sb)的性能. 乙酰丙酮(AcAc)作为桥联配体合成的钛凝胶材料表现出优异的As、Sb去除能力,其对As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附容量分别达到了329、461、584、805 mg·g−1(以钛计),吸附速率分别比无配体组提高了10.1、8.1、11.5、1.9倍. 各类配体对钛凝胶吸附容量的提升效果相当,但对吸附速率提升效果差异明显. 有机羧酸类配体调控后对As、Sb吸附速率仅为AcAc的30%—60%,而丁二酮等弱配体调控后几乎没有提升吸附速率. 与其他配体相比,AcAc的配位能力介于丁二酮和酒石酸、三乙醇胺等强配体之间,其适中的配位能力兼顾了制备过程中抑制钛快速水解和吸附过程中新活性位点的快速释放特性. 当AcAc中心碳或端基碳被甲基取代后,烯醇式AcAc的含量以及配位能力降低,进而减弱材料的砷锑吸附性能.Abstract: To clarify the relationship between the structure of bridging ligands and the adsorption performance, a series of titanium xerogels were synthesized with 11 ligands (organic carboxylic acids, alcohol-amines, and diketones) and their performance for arsenic and antimony removal was investigated. The titanium xerogel synthesized with acetylacetone (AcAc) as a bridging ligand showed an excellent adsorption performance: the adsorption capacities to As(Ⅲ), As(Ⅴ), Sb(Ⅲ), and Sb(Ⅴ) were 329, 461, 584 and 805 mg·g−1 (in titanium), respectively, and the adsorption rates were 10.1, 8.1, 11.5 and 1.9 times higher than that of the xerogel without organic ligand. All the tested ligands had comparable effects on the adsorption capacity, but led to significant differences in the adsorption rate. The xerogels with organic carboxylic acid ligands adsorbed As and Sb at rates of only 30%—60% of that with AcAc, while weak ligand, such as butanedione, had negligible effect on the adsorption rate. Compared with other ligands, AcAc had a moderate coordination capacity between butanedione and strong ligands (e.g., tartaric acid and triethanolamine), which balanced the inhibition of rapid hydrolysis of titanium during synthesis and the quick release of new active sites during adsorption. When the hydrogen at the central or terminal carbon of AcAc was substituted by methyl groups, the content of the enolic form and consequently the coordination ability were reduced, which in turn weakened the adsorption performance.
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Key words:
- heavy metal pollution /
- titanium xerogel adsorbent /
- acetylacetone /
- ligands /
- sol-gel
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