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高氯酸盐因具有强氧化性被广泛用于军事、工业和农业中,作为火箭、导弹、焰火等的固体推进剂或者氧化剂混合物,还被用作汽车安全气囊、橡胶制造、涂料和润滑油等生产过程中的添加剂[1]. 高氯酸盐化学性质稳定,易溶于水,因此一旦进入水体,就会随水流进行迁移,并可迁移到其他介质如土壤、植物等中,同时低浓度高氯酸盐可在环境中长久存在,被认为是一种持久性的无机污染物. 有研究表明高氯酸盐会干扰人体甲状腺激素的分泌[2]. 甲状腺激素对神经发育至关重要,高氯酸盐暴露导致的孕期或婴幼儿时期碘摄入量不足可造成儿童神经发育缺陷[3],严重时有可能一定程度上造成血红细胞破坏和肝肾脏损伤[4]. 因此,高氯酸盐污染已成为关系到人类健康的重要环境问题. 美国国家环境保护局(EPA)先后多次更新高氯酸盐的相关标准及限值. 2005年将饮用水中高氯酸盐的参考浓度设置为24.5 μg·L−1. 2009年临时建议饮用水中高氯酸盐的浓度不超过15 μg·L-1[5]. 2020年,将饮用水中高氯酸盐的最大污染浓度设定为0.056 mg·L-1[6]. 2017年,世界卫生组织发布的饮用水中高氯酸盐的限量值为0.07 mg·L-1[7].
高氯酸盐的污染已经在世界范围内引起广泛关注,美国、加拿大、韩国、日本和中国等多个国家对高氯酸盐的污染进行了深入的调查,在水、土壤中均检测出不同程度的高氯酸盐污染. 研究表明[8],水和土壤中的高氯酸盐可被动植物吸收进入植物根、茎、果实及动物体内. 研究显示,乳制品[9]、蔬菜[10]、水果[11]、茶叶[12]、肉类[13]、贝类[14]等绝大多数食品中都可检出高氯酸盐的存在. 目前认为,人群暴露高氯酸盐的主要途径是通过摄入受到高氯酸盐污染的水和食物[15]. Liao等[16]收集了中国京津冀地区生产的11类共660个加工食品(包括谷物、豆制品、马铃薯制品、肉制品、蛋制品、水产品、乳制品、蔬菜制品、水果制品、糖、瓶装水),分析了其中高氯酸盐的污染水平,发现574个样品可检出高氯酸盐. Wang等[17]调查了蔬菜、水果、肉类、鸡蛋和饮用水中高氯酸盐的污染情况,发现高氯酸盐检出率为95%,但该研究仅围绕从湖北省武汉市的主要市场、超市和乡村集市收集的样品开展. 目前国内外对作为食品主要原料的粮食中高氯酸盐的污染水平鲜有报道,尤其是缺乏全国性粮食中高氯酸盐污染的研究.
本研究在我国粮食主产区13个省份采集了主要粮食作物:稻谷、玉米和小麦样品,分析了其中高氯酸盐污染水平,探究其空间分布,结合模型评估了人群通过粮食摄入高氯酸盐产生的风险.
中国部分地区粮食中高氯酸盐的污染水平与暴露评估
Occurrence of perchlorate in grain from different parts of China and exposure risk assessment
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摘要: 高氯酸盐作为一种持久性新污染物,在环境和食品中存在,可能会对人体健康造成威胁. 但目前中国粮食样品中高氯酸盐污染的研究有限,本研究从我国粮食主产区13个省份采集了271份粮食样品,包括稻谷样品88份,小麦样品83份,玉米样品100份,分析了这些样本中的高氯酸盐污染水平. 结果表明稻谷中高氯酸盐浓度范围从未检出到66.41 ng∙g−1,小麦中浓度范围为1.90—108.71 ng∙g−1,玉米中浓度范围为0.31—45.52 ng∙g−1. 根据测得的高氯酸盐浓度,计算估计每日摄入量(EDI)和危害商(HQ),以评估人体通过食用大米、小麦和玉米接触高氯酸盐的潜在健康风险. 大米、小麦和玉米的HQ值均小于1,说明食用这3种主食不会造成潜在的健康风险. 然而,考虑到高氯酸盐的多种暴露途径,外加粮食的加工过程也可能会增加高氯酸盐污染,因此通过粮食摄入高氯酸盐对人体造成的暴露风险仍应当引起关注.Abstract: As a new persistent pollutant, perchlorate in the environment and food may pose a threat to human health. However, up to now, there were limited available data on the occurrence of perchlorate in grain samples in China. In this study, we aim to investigate the occurrence of perchlorate in grain and assess the risk of perchlorate exposure through grain consumption via collecting a total of 271 grain samples from various regions of China, including rice (n=88), wheat (n=83) and corn (n=100). The result showed that concentrations of perchlorate in rice ranged from non-detection to 66.41 ng∙g−1, those in wheat were from 1.90 ng∙g−1 to 108.71 ng∙g−1, and those in corn were from 0.31 ng∙g−1 to 45.52 ng∙g−1. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of perchlorate via the consumption of rice, wheat, and corn was calculated for local residents based on the measured concentrations of perchlorate. After that, the potential health risk of human exposure to perchlorate was evaluated via calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). The result showed that all HQ values were lower than 1, indicating that perchlorate in these three staple foods may not pose potential risks for human. However, considering the multiple pathways of human exposure to perchlorate and the possible increase of perchlorate concentrations in grain during their processing process, the risk of human exposure to perchlorate through grain consumption should be concerned.
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Key words:
- rice /
- wheat /
- corn /
- perchlorate.
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表 1 质谱检测条件
Table 1. Experimental conditions of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
化合物
Compound离子对Q1/Q3
ion pair Q1/Q3解簇电压/V
Declustering
potential DP入口电压/V
Entrance
potential EP碰撞入口电压/V
Collision cell entrance
potential CE碰撞出口电压/V
Collision cell exit
potential CXPClO4− 98.8/82.8* −45 −8.8 −35 −9 100.8/84.9 −45 −8.5 −35 −9 Cl18O4− 106.9/88.8* −50 −10 −35 −5 注:*定量离子对,quantitative ion pair. 表 2 高氯酸盐分析的质量控制参数
Table 2. Quality control parameters for the analysis of perchlorate
质量控制样品
QC samples加标浓度/(μg·L−1)
Concentration平均值/(μg·L−1)
Mean回收率(相关标准偏差) /%
Recovery(RSD)基质效应(相对标准偏差) /%
Matrix effect (RSD)标准溶液(n=17) 2 2.13 105 (2.5) — 程序空白(n=17) — ND — — 试剂空白(n=17) — ND — — 稻谷加标样品(n=5) 5 5.91 109 (5.6) 118 (5.9) 稻谷加标样品(n=5) 20 24.39 119 (3.4) 122 (3.5) 稻谷加标样品(n=5) 50 55.96 111 (1.1) 112 (1.1) 小麦加标样品(n=5) 5 5.96 97 (4.2) 119 (4.1) 小麦加标样品(n=5) 20 24.07 114 (2.1) 120 (1.9) 小麦加标样品(n=5) 50 56.12 109 (1.1) 112 (1.1) 玉米加标样品(n=5) 5 5.65 100 (3.8) 112 (3.6) 玉米加标样品(n=5) 20 23.76 116 (3.0) 119 (2.9) 玉米加标样品(n=5) 50 53.55 106 (0.8) 107 (0.8) ND.,未检出, not detected. 表 3 不同种类粮食中高氯酸盐浓度水平
Table 3. Concentration levels of perchlorate in different grains
样品种类
Sample types数量
Number高氯酸盐的浓度范围/(ng∙g−1)
Perchlorate concentration in samples均值/(ng∙g−1)
Mean中值/(ng∙g−1)
Median检出率/%
Detection rate稻谷 88 ND—66.41 6.56±10.17 3.67 98.86 小麦 83 1.90—108.71 17.05±19.73 11.03 100 玉米 100 0.35—45.52 5.06±6.31 3.31 100 ND.,未检出. ND., not detected. 表 4 不同省份粮食中高氯酸盐浓度水平
Table 4. Concentration levels of perchlorate in grains in different provinces
样品种类
Sample types省份
Provinces样品数量
Number均值/(ng∙g−1)
Mean中值/(ng∙g−1)
Median浓度范围/(ng∙g−1)
Range稻谷 吉林 4 3.01±4.11 1.27 0.37—9.12 黑龙江 18 1.41±1.25 0.88 ND—4.54 江苏 11 11.02±16.76 5.02 1.04—59.51 安徽 9 7.17±4.34 6.68 2.82—15.13 江西 14 5.96±4.24 5.80 1.02—15.27 河南 10 5.56±4.89 3.18 1.60—15.98 湖北 13 6.59±8.67 4.14 0.87—30.89 湖南 9 14.36±20.32 7.60 1.08—66.41 小麦 河北 10 12.45±5.28 10.21 4.36—21.37 江苏 10 6.96±6.21 3.10 1.92—19.37 安徽 10 16.48±15.22 15.25 1.90—55.73 山东 16 23.43±26.18 14.12 1.95—93.35 河南 23 18.27±24.42 10.25 2.84—108.71 湖北 5 19.56±10.39 23.15 2.77—27.71 四川 9 18.11±20.79 11.06 3.92—71.95 玉米 河北 12 11.64±14.0 7.37 2.22—45.52 内蒙古 11 4.51±4.97 2.28 0.99—15.56 辽宁 10 4.36±2.75 4.09 1.31—10.34 吉林 17 4.63±3.56 2.74 0.31—10.34 黑龙江 22 2.85±4.23 1.58 0.26—20.04 安徽 4 4.31±3.07 4.28 1.03—7.66 河南 7 3.64±1.69 3.32 1.58—6.89 山东 17 5.21±3.39 4.87 1.09—13.60 表 5 不同地区粮食中高氯酸盐浓度水平
Table 5. Concentration levels of perchlorate in grains in different regions
样品种类
Sample types地区
Regions样品数量
Number均值/(ng∙g−1)
Mean中值/(ng∙g−1)
Median浓度范围/(ng∙g−1)
Range稻谷 东北 22 1.69±2.02 0.88 ND—9.12 华东 34 7.92±10.09 5.80 1.02—59.51 华中 32 8.46±12.52 4.50 0.87—66.41 小麦 华东 36 16.93±20.27 11.3 1.90—93.35 华中 28 18.50±22.41 16.67 2.77—108.71 华北 10 12.45±5.28 10.21 4.36—21.37 西南 9 18.11±20.79 11.06 3.92—71.95 玉米 东北 60 3.90±3.99 2.21 0.35—20.04 华东 21 5.04±3.27 4.78 1.03—13.60 华中 7 3.64±1.77 3.32 1.58—6.89 华北 12 11.63±14.00 7.37 2.21—45.51 表 6 不同人群高氯酸盐估计日摄入量(ng·kg−1体重)
Table 6. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for perchlorate via staple food consumption
样品种类
Sample types地区
Regions幼儿
Toddlers儿童
Children成人
Adults均值 中值 最大值 均值 中值 最大值 均值 中值 最大值 稻谷 东北 3.21±3.84 1.67 17.30 2.69±3.22 1.40 14.51 2.15±2.56 1.11 11.57 华东 15.01±19.12 11.00 112.82 12.59±16.04 9.23 94.67 10.04±12.19 7.35 75.44 华北 16.03±23.75 8.60 125.92 13.45±19.93 7.22 105.65 10.72±15.88 5.76 84.19 小麦 华东 18.88±22.61 12.64 104.15 15.83±18.96 10.60 87.32 12.62±15.12 8.45 69.63 华中 20.64±25.00 12.47 121.28 17.30±20.97 10.46 101.69 13.80±16.72 8.34 81.08 华北 13.89±5.89 11.39 23.84 11.64±4.94 9.55 19.99 9.28±3.94 7.62 15.94 西南 20.21±23.19 12.34 80.27 16.94±19.45 10.35 67.30 13.51±15.51 8.25 53.66 玉米 东北 0.73±0.75 0.41 3.76 0.61±0.63 0.34 3.16 0.49±0.50 0.27 2.52 华东 0.95±0.61 0.90 2.55 0.79±0.61 0.75 2.14 0.63±0.41 0.60 1.71 华中 0.68±0.33 0.62 1.29 0.57±0.28 0.52 1.08 0.45±0.22 0.42 0.86 华北 2.18±2.63 1.39 8.54 1.83±2.20 1.16 7.17 1.46±1.76 0.93 5.71 -
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