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量子点(quantum dots,QDs)作为新型纳米材料,在基因组学,蛋白质组学和高通量筛选等研究中均有很好的应用前景[1-3],同时在半导体产业和光电子器件方面影响巨大,目前部分产业如量子点电视已量化生产且投放市场[4]。随着量子点生产和应用规模不断扩大,大量QDs在生产和应用过程中被释放到环境中,对环境和人体健康造成不利影响,但其生态健康风险及相关环境行为并未完全探明。
硒化镉量子点(CdSe QDs)比较稳定、不易降解[1],具有致癌性。研究发现,QDs可通过皮肤和黏膜被动物和人体吸收,对人成纤维上皮细胞和皮肤细胞均表现出一定的毒性效应[5-6]。对斑马鱼胚胎的暴露研究发现,QDs影响斑马鱼胚胎的形态发育、氧化应激和应激蛋白的基因表达[7]。铜绿假单胞细菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)中积累的硒化镉量子点可通过食物链传递到其捕食者原生动物——嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)中,并存在生物放大现象[8],还有研究显示在量子点保护性外层包被的存在下,随食物链的转移使初级消费者的摄入量增加,从而造成更高营养水平生物的暴露和损伤的风险增加[9]。对拟南芥进行硒化镉量子点暴露研究,虽没有观察到硒化镉量子点的内化,但观察到植物体产生了明显的氧化应激反应[10]。
Klaine等[11]认为纳米材料在土壤和水生态系统中的环境行为研究十分重要,特别需要开展纳米材料对于这些生态系统中栖息的生物效应的研究。小球藻作为水生态系统的初级生产者,外源污染物对它的影响会直接影响食物链的物质传递和能量传递,进而影响高营养级生物[12],因此,以小球藻为代表的藻类微生物,其种群发展对整个生态系统的平衡和稳定具有重要影响[13]。另外,小球藻对外源污染物较为敏感,是生态毒理学研究中的重要模式生物[14-15],常被用于评估环境污染物毒性、水环境安全等[16-17],在纳米材料[13, 17-23]、抗生素[12]、重金属[14]、有机污染物[24]等的毒性研究中都有广泛应用。
本研究重点关注了硒化镉量子点与普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的相互作用,研究硒化镉量子点在环境中的迁移转化,揭示其对水生微生物的毒性效应,阐释潜在生态环境与健康风险。
硒化镉量子点对普通小球藻生长和生化指标的影响
Toxic effects of cadmium selenide quantum dots CdSe (ZnS-CA QDs) on the growth and biochemical indices of Chlorella vulgaris
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摘要: 新型纳米材料——量子点在基因组学、蛋白质组学、高通量筛选以及半导体等方面应用十分广泛,但人们对其生物毒性效应和生态环境风险的了解并不充分。本文研究了硒化镉量子点CdSe(ZnS-CA QDs)对普通小球藻生长和生化指标的影响,对细胞数、酯酶活性、细胞膜完整性、线粒体膜电位、细胞内活性氧含量及培养基内量子点含量及其随时间的变化趋势进行了测定,表征了量子点的毒性效应。发现硒化镉量子点表面带有正电荷,能被小球藻(因表面存在磷酸和羧基基团而带负电)吸附/吸收,从而使小球藻的新陈代谢受到干扰,细胞膜破碎,线粒体产能下降,氧化应激加剧,叶绿素含量下降。该材料在极低水平(1 nmol·L−1)即可对小球藻生长繁殖造成巨大影响,进而可能影响整个生态系统的物质循环和能量流动。Abstract: Nanomaterials—quantum dots are widely used in various areas, including genomics, proteomics, high throughput screening and semiconductors. Their environmental and ecological risks are not fully understood. In this paper, the toxic effects of cadmium selenide quantum dots CdSe (ZnS-CA QDs) on Chlorella vulgaris were studied. The cell growth, esterase activity, cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen and variation of cadmium concentration over time were systematically evaluated. It was found that the positively charged CdSe(ZnS-CA) QDs could be adsorbed/absorbed by chlorella. It could possibly be attributed to the negatively charged cell wall for the presence of phosphate and carboxyl groups on cell surface. QDs interfered with the metabolism of chlorella, damaged the cell membrane, declined the mitochondrial productivity, intensified the oxidative stress and reduced chlorophyll content. The QDs had intensively adverse impacts on the growth and reproduction of chlorella at very low levels (1 nmol·L−1), which may further influence the material circulation and the energy flow of the entire ecosystem.
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Key words:
- Chlorella vulgaris /
- novel nanoparticle material /
- toxic effects /
- impact assessment
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表 1 小球藻各生化指标的测定方法
Table 1. Methods for the determination of biochemical indices of Chlorella vulgaris
染色剂
Reagents用量/µL
Dosage避光孵育时间/min
Incubation time in the dack对应荧光通道
Fluorescence filtersFDA 25 8 FL1 PI 60 20 FL2 Rh123 26 30 FL1 H2DCFDA 100 60 FL1 表 2 CdSe(ZnS-CA QDs)对小球藻生长的影响(暴露4 d)
Table 2. Effects of CdSe(ZnS-CA QDs) on growth of Chlorella vulgaris (Exposure to 4 d)
量子点初始浓度/(nmol·L−1)
CdSe QDs dose生长抑制率/%
Growth inhibiting rate0.2 10.2±2.7 1 61.5±10.1 5 73.3±6.2 10 74.8±27.6 20 82.9±10.1 表 3 小球藻在不同CdSe(ZnS-CA QDs)初始暴露浓度下,对量子点的吸收/吸附率
Table 3. Absorption/adsorption rates of CdSe(ZnS-CA QDs) at different initial exposure concentrations
量子点初始浓度/(nmol·L−1)
CdSe QDs dose量子点吸收/吸附率/%
Absorption/adsorption rates of CdSe QDs0.17 d 1 d 2 d 4 d 0.2 58±5 33±5 30±5 28±3 1 78±2 52±7 48±6 48±9 5 No data 67±4 67±2 58±3 10 No data 79±8 75±2 73±1 20 No data 92±5 85±1 89±1 -
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