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随着我国的畜禽养殖业不断向规模化、集约化方向发展,养猪废水的治理与资源化利用备受关注[1]。其中,诸多研究(包括课题组前期研究)均指出,当养猪废水依次经过预处理和生化处理后,其中的污染物虽可被大幅削减,但污水中仍含有较高浓度的氮素(以NH4+-N和NO3−-N为主),且其碳氮比(C/N)通常低于6∶1[2-4]。为此,需对猪场废水进行深度处理,以降低其对水环境的威胁。人工湿地(CW)目前被广泛用于养猪废水深度处理[5],然而,鉴于上述污水水质特点,且考虑到CW工艺常因复氧能力不足和有机碳源匮乏而导致其脱氮效果欠佳[6-7],如将该技术用于深度处理猪场废水,须对其脱氮性能进行优化。
近年来,强化CW中的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)作用成为改善该工艺脱氮效能的新途径[8]。一些研究[9-11]均表明,ANAMMOX反应的发生及其与硝化/反硝化作用的耦合可显著提升CW的TN去除率。为使CW达到理想的猪场废水深度处理效果,作者在前期研究中利用已构建的复合潜流人工湿地(HCW),采取浸润线调控和分段进水措施优化了湿地填料层中溶解氧(DO)及有机碳源的浓度及分布,从而使ANAMMOX作用在系统中得以发生,并在一定程度上实现了其与反硝化的协同作用。然而,研究结果同时表明,该HCW的复氧能力仍显不足,其NH4+-N氧化能力偏低。众所周知,NOx−-N的稳定获取是确保反硝化过程和ANAMMOX反应顺利进行的前提[12],如NH4+-N氧化过程受阻,HCW的脱氮性能存在恶化风险。鉴于此,有必要采取一定措施提高HCW的复氧性能,以便尽可能地维持该系统高水平的硝化性能及TN去除率。
为了强化CW工艺的复氧性能,有研究尝试通过改进系统运行方式、优化系统构型以及布设曝气管等措施调控填料层中的DO[13]。然而,上述手段的采用均会不同程度地引起CW系统建设运行费用的增加及其操作难度的提高。拔风管作为一种被动增氧设施,近年来常被布设于CW中用于改善其复氧性能[14]。鉴于该设备较理想的复氧效率[15],如能在HCW中布设适宜数量的拔风管,应可优化装置填料层中的氧环境,缓解该工艺在深度处理猪场废水时存在的硝化性能不佳的困境,并最终实现废水中氮素的高效脱除。此外,拔风管的制作成本及布设难度均较低,不会显著提高HCW的建设运行费用及操作难度[16],亦有助于该技术的推广。
本研究以前期构建的分流式HCW为实验装置,重点考察了拔风管布设下HCW在深度处理猪场废水时的脱氮效果,分析了对应条件下系统中的微生物群落结构特征,建立了HCW脱氮性能及其微生物学特性的定量响应关系,并定量解析了系统中每种形态氮素的转化途径。本研究结果以期为分流式HCW高效脱氮性能的维持提供一种简单有效的控制模式,进而为新型CW工艺的设计及工程化应用提供参考。
拔风管对分流式复合潜流人工湿地脱氮性能的影响
Effect of air duct on nitrogen removal performance of a hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland with step-feeding
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摘要: 当分流式复合潜流人工湿地(HCW)以生活污水为外加碳源深度处理猪场废水时,系统因复氧能力不佳而面临NOx−-N难以稳定获取的难题。为了确保HCW高水平的硝化性能及TN去除率,以拔风管为增氧设施并探究了其对系统氮素转化性能及微生物特性的影响。结果表明,对于由下向流(DF)单元和上向流(UF)单元串联而成的分流式HCW,其中可形成以硝化/反硝化作用和短程反硝化/厌氧氨氧化(DMOA)作用为主的多路径耦合脱氮反应体系;拔风管的布设不会明显改变HCW中的氮素转化模式,但该设施的增氧作用可强化DF单元的硝化性能,并可提升后续UF单元中反硝化菌群及厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)的丰度,进而可实现系统中各脱氮途径强度的提高及其脱氮性能的优化;当DF单元中拔风管的布设数量为4时,HCW中参与脱氮的优势菌属包括Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira、Thauera和Candidatus_Brocadia,此时系统的COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N去除负荷分别可达(10.34±1.20)、(0.46±0.02)、(4.92±1.55)和(3.86±1.19) g·(m2·d)−1,出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。该研究为HCW高效脱氮性能的维持提供了一种简单有效的控制模式,也有助于新型CW工艺的研发与设计。Abstract: For advanced treatment of swine wastewater by a hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland (HCW) with step-feeding and the external carbon source of domestic sewage, it is difficult to stably produce NOx−-N in the system owing to the poor reaeration performance. In order to ensure ideal nitrification performance and high-level TN removal rate of the HCW, the air duct was used as a kind of aerobic facility to explore its effects on nitrogen transformation mechanisms and the associated microbiological characteristics in the system. The results showed that the reaction system of multipath nitrogen removal mainly relied on the nitrification/denitrification process and the partial denitrification/ANAMMOX (DMOA) process could be established in the HCW with step-feeding, which was consisted of a down-flow (DF) unit and an up-flow (UF) unit in series. Noticeably, no significant changes occurred with respect to nitrogen transformation in the HCW equipped with air duct, while nitrification of the DF unit could be enhanced owing to the increased aeration caused by the air duct, and the abundances of denitrifying bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB) in the subsequent UF unit increased accordingly, resulting the strength improvement of each nitrogen transformation pathway in the HCW, as well as its nitrogen removal performance optimization. Regarding to HCW equipped four air ducts in its DF unit, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Thauera and Candidatus_Brocadia were the four dominant bacterial genera involved in nitrogen removal of this system. Correspondingly, the COD, TP, TN and NH4+-N removal loads of the HCW were (10.34±1.20), (0.46±0.02), (4.92±1.55), and (3.86±1.19) g·(m2·d)−1, respectively, resulting that effluent quality could meet class A standard of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002). In conclusion, this study not only provides a simple and effective approach to maintain high-performance nitrogen removal of the HCW, but also is conducive to research, development, and design of the new type of constructed wetland.
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表 1 HCW出水水质
Table 1. Effluent quality of each HCW
湿地类型 污染物出水指标/(mg·L−1) COD TP TN NH4+-N NO3−-N NO2−-N H1 23.12±7.53 0.19±0.07 26.84±6.39 23.44±5.79 2.43±1.46 0.99±0.23 H2 23.38±5.46 0.10±0.05 22.36±5.32 14.34±3.94 7.30±2.82 0.81±0.13 H3 23.87±7.44 0.13±0.04 10.22±2.62 4.58±1.35 5.31±1.28 0.40±0.26 表 2 HCW污染物去除负荷
Table 2. Contaminants removal loads of each HCW
湿地类型 污染物去除负荷/(g·(m2·d)−1) COD TP TN NH4+-N NO3−-N NO2−-N H1 10.45±0.92 0.45±0.03 2.42±0.65 1.03±0.29 1.30±0.50 -(0.03±0.01) H2 10.41±0.99 0.46±0.04 3.09±0.71 2.39±0.48 0.58±0.23 -(0.02±0.01) H3 10.34±1.20 0.46±0.02 4.92±1.55 3.86±1.19 0.87±0.32 0.06±0.02 表 3 HCW中氮素转化速率与脱氮功能基因的定量响应关系
Table 3. Quantitative response relationships between nitrogen transformation rates and functional genes in each HCW
湿地类型 逐步线性回归方程 R2 P值 H1 v(NH4+-N)=1.03[amoA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.04(napA/nxrA)+0.57[hzsA/(narG+napA)]+0.07 0.993 0.012 v(NO3−-N)=1.25[(narG+napA)/nxrA]+0.27[napA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.33[hzsA/(narG+napA)]−2.97 0.908 0.024 v(NO2−-N)=−0.65(amoA/nxrA)-0.77[(narG+napA)/(nirS+nirK)]+0.42[hzsA/(narG+napA)]+4.29 0.937 0.017 H2 v(NH4+-N)=1.86[amoA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.11(napA/nxrA)+0.92[hzsA/(narG+napA)]−1.57 0.976 0.021 v(NO3−-N)=1.57[(narG+napA)/nxrA]+0.52[napA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.73[hzsA/(narG+napA)]−4.27 0.932 0.019 v(NO2−-N)=−0.51(amoA/nxrA)-1.14[(narG+napA)/(nirS+nirK)]+1.13[hzsA/(narG+napA)]+5.26 0.970 0.025 H3 v(NH4+-N)=2.15[amoA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.36(napA/nxrA)+0.78[hzsA/(narG+napA)]−2.95 0.899 0.022 v(NO3−-N)=2.18[(narG+napA)/nxrA]+0.76[napA/(nirS+nirK)]-0.58[hzsA/(narG+napA)]−4.43 0.959 0.014 v(NO2−-N)=−0.32(amoA/nxrA)-1.92[(narG+napA)/(nirS+nirK)]+0.87[hzsA/(narG+napA)]+7.01 0.970 0.018 -
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