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微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分. 自然条件下,微生物对土壤环境的长期适应使得土壤微生物群落组成相对稳定[1 − 2]. 在石油烃等污染物胁迫条件下,微生物群落结构和组成发生改变,一些特异性微生物生长为土壤中的优势菌群[3 − 4]. 例如,Gao等[5]的研究发现,石油胁迫条件下变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinomycetes)成为污染土壤中的优势菌门,土壤中微生物群落的均匀度和多样性减低,表现出石油污染对土壤菌群落结构和组成的胁迫性. 但是,也有研究认为土壤中的石油烃可作为碳源被微生物利用,从而刺激土著微生物的生长,使得微生物多样性指数和活性均高于洁净土壤[6 − 7]. 蔡萍萍等[8]的研究发现油污土壤中的微生物群落结构经过长时间演变后与洁净土壤相似. 土著微生物在对石油烃产生应激响应的同时,对土壤中石油烃的降解起到促进作用[8 − 10]. Polyak等[10]发现,经过9年的自然降解土壤中总石油烃的去除率可以达到91.2%. 尽管目前已有大量文献报道了石油污染对土著菌群的影响作用以及石油烃在土壤中的自然降解过程,但是对于石油污染土壤中不同微生物类群随时间的变化特征、以及各微生物类群对石油烃利用的差异性尚不清楚.
磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA)广泛存在于活体微生物的细胞膜中,当细胞凋亡后能在短时间内完全降解[11 − 12]. 由于不同微生物类群的PLFA组成和含量具有种属特异性,因此通过测定PLFA可以估算微生物群落结构活性变化[13 − 14]. 目前,稳定同位素(stable isotope probing,SIP)技术已经广泛应用于环境科学领域,在污染物溯源、识别转化历程和指示反应程度等过程中均发挥了重要作用 [15]. 将SIP技术和PLFA分析结合,可以揭示土壤微生物群落对污染物的利用特征[16 − 17]. 目前磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素联用(PLFA-SIP)技术广泛应用于研究农业土壤中微生物对植物残体、肥料等的利用情况[18 − 20],但较少用于研究土壤中微生物类群对污染物胁迫的应激响应.
该论文以陕北地区的洁净黄绵土为研究对象,以13C标记的十六烷作为石油中烷烃组分的模式化合物对土壤进行人工污染,通过培养试验,结合13C-PLFA-SIP技术研究土壤微生物组成变化及不同微生物类群对烷烃污染的响应情况,研究可为探明土壤微生物类群对石油烃污染响应的时效性及不同微生物类群对污染物的利用特征提供科学依据.
烷烃胁迫下土壤微生物类群的应激响应及其降解特性
The response of soil microbial groups to alkane stress and hydrocarbon biodegradation characteristics
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摘要: 污染物胁迫条件下土壤微生物会发生应激响应,然而目前对于烷烃污染土壤中微生物类群应激响应的时效性尚不清楚. 论文以人工配制的十六烷污染黄绵土为对象,利用磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素技术(phospholipid fatty acid technology-stable isotope probing,PLFA-SIP)探究了烷烃污染对黄绵土中生物群落组成和结构影响的时效性及烷烃降解情况. 结果表明,土壤土著微生物对十六烷有一定的降解作用,培养30 d时,十六烷含量由
5000 mg·kg−1降低至4693 mg·kg−1,降解率为6.14%. 土壤中各微生物类群活性在受到十六烷污染3 d时无明显变化,随污染时长的增加,各微生物类群表现出“毒性响应(污染7 d)—毒性适应(污染15 d)—生长代谢(污染30 d)”的应激过程. 在污染前期(污染7 d时),G—细菌的13C-PLFA含量为14.52 ng·kg−1,占总细菌13C-PLFA总量的43.40%,说明在污染前期G—细菌是土壤中存在的可利用十六烷的主要优势类群;污染中后期(污染15—30 d),G+细菌和真菌的13C-PLFA含量分别占13C总量的33.81%和22.95%,说明污染后期G+细菌和真菌对十六烷的降解代谢起到主要作用. 研究表明土壤中十六烷的降解需要各微生物类群的协同代谢作用,污染前期主要由r—策略微生物(G—细菌)降解十六烷,污染后期则主要由k—策略微生物(G+细菌和真菌)执行降解功能. 研究可为探明土壤微生物类群对烷烃污染响应的时效性及不同微生物类群对污染物的利用特征提供科学依据.Abstract: Soil microorganisms present the stress response to the contaminants. However, the timeliness response of the microbial community under hydrocarbon stress is unclear. In this study, the loessal soil collecting from the northern of Shaanxi province of China was used to study the effects of hexadecane pollution on the compositions and structures of microbial communities using phospholipid fatty acid technology-stable isotope probing (PLFA-SIP) techniques. Results showed that the indigenous microorganisms in the polluted soil had certain degradation capacity toward hexadecane through natural attenuation. After 30 days of incubation, the hexadecane content decreased from5000 mg·kg−1 to4693 mg·kg−1, with a degradation rate of 6.14%. Soil microbial community had no significant changes at the 3th days of pollution and the toxic effects appeared at the 7th days. Then soil microorganisms was adapted to alkane stress and finally exhibited growth after 15th days of incubation. In the early stage of hexadecane pollution (7 days of pollution periods), the 13C-PLFA content of G− bacteria was 14.52 ng·kg−1 which accounting for 43.40% of the total 13C-PLFA. In the medium and later stages of pollution (15—30 days of pollution durations), the 13C-PLFA content of G+ bacteria and fungi accounted for 33.81% and 22.95% of the total 13C-PLFA, respectively. Result indicated that the G− bacteria were the dominant microorganisms which could utilize hexadecane in the soil during the early stage, but the G+ bacteria and fungi played a major role for hexadecane degradation in the later stages of pollution. Studies suggested that hexadecane biodegradation in soil involved the synergistic metabolism of various microbiomes. In the early stage of incubation, r-strategic microorganisms (G—bacteria) mainly utilized easily degradable carbon components, and k-strategic microorganisms (composed of G+ bacteria and fungi) utilized the refractory carbon components in the later stage. This study provided a theoretical basis for the pollution timeliness and the utilization characteristics towards alkane pollution by different microbial communities. -
表 1 供试土壤的基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of the soil
指标
Index含水率/%
Moisture contentpH 总有机碳/(mg·kg−1)
Total organic carbon总氮/(mg·kg−1)
Total nitrogen氨氮/(mg·kg−1)
Ammonia nitrogen硝氮/(mg·kg−1)
Nitrate nitrogen全硫/(mg·kg−1)
Total sulphur测定值 12.3±0.8 8.30±0.10 5275 ±127400.1±12.5 4.11±0.16 4.01±0.15 120±10 表 2 表征不同种群微生物的磷脂脂肪酸标志物
Table 2. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers of different microbial community biomass
微生物类型
Microbial communityPLFA标志物
Phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers参考文献
References一般细菌
General Bacteria16:0、18:0 [18, 20] 革兰氏阳性菌
Gram-positive bacteriai15:0、a15:0、i16:0、i17:0、a17:0 [20, 25] 革兰氏阴性菌
Gram-negative bacteria16:1ω5c、16:1ω7c、cy17:0ω7c、18:1ω5c、18:1ω7c、cy17:0ω7c、cy19:0ω7c [18, 25 − 26] 真菌
Fungi18:1ω9c [25 − 26] 放线菌
Actinomycetes10Me16: 0 、10Me17: 0 、10Me18: 0、10Me17:1ω7c [18, 20, 25] 表 3 十六烷在土壤中的自然消减
Table 3. The hexadecane contents and degradation rates in hexadecane-added soil
样品
Sample十六烷含量/(mg·kg−1)
Hexadecane content降解率/%
Degradation efficiency降解速率/(mg·(kg·d)−1)
Degradation rate0 d 3 d 30 d 3 d 30 d 0—3 d 4—30 d 污染土壤 5000 ±504793 ±884693 ±974.14 6.14 69.00 3.70 表 4 不同处理土壤细菌/真菌、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌异构/反异构的变化
Table 4. Ratios of bacteria to fungi, gram-positive to -negative bacteria and isomeric to reverse isomeric gram-positive bacteria under different soils
处理
Treat-ments细菌/真菌
(Bacteria : Fungi)G+/G— G+异构/G+反异构
(iN:0∶aN:0)3d 7d 15d 30d 3d 7d 15d 30d 3d 7d 15d 30d 洁净
土壤7.91±0.05Ab 8.17±0.05Aa 8.02±0.04Ab 8.00±0.06Ab 0.53±0.03Aa 0.57±0.03Aa 0.55±0.02Aa 0.53±0.03Aa 1.96±0.05Aa 1.97±0.05Aa 1.98±0.04Aa 1.94±0.04Aa 污染
土壤7.82±0.10Ab 7.96±0.05Ba 7.81±0.09Bb 7.97±0.06Aa 0.54±0.02Aa 0.53±0.03Aa 0.54±0.02Aa 0.55±0.03Aa 1.95±0.04Aa 1.94±0.03Aa 1.98±0.04Aa 1.75±0.03Bb 注:同行不同小写字母表示同一处理不同培养时间差异显著(P<0.05);同列不同大写字母表示同一培养时间不同处理差异显著(P<0.05).
Note: the lowercase letters in the same treatments indicated significant differences of incubation time for the same treatment (P<0.05); the capital letters in the same tandem indicated significant differences of treatment at the same incubation time (P<0.05) -
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